1. Chapter 25 Nationalism in Europe
Section 25.1 The Unification of Italy
Chapter 25 Nationalism in Europe

2. Five main reasons Italy was not yet a nation
1. Italy was broken into many states. 2. Apennine Mountains make movement in the country difficult. 3. Po River makes movement in the country difficult. 4. Pope didn't want unification. 5. Other European countries didn't want to see unification

3. What factors led to Italian Unification?
Nationalism
birthplace of the Renaissance
good leadership

4. I. Nationalist in Italy Nationalist-Risorgimento (resurgence)
Goals were liberation and unification
Many ideas come from Renaissance
Had to form secret societies
Carbonari- Giuseppe Mazzini- emotional leadership -formed the Young Italy movement dedicated to spreading the ideas of a republic
1848 revolts led to an overthrow of Austrian rule for a short time
Only Kingdom of Sardinia remained independent
Liberals and unification
Camillo Benso di Cavour- political leadership- Sardinian chief minister supported the goals of the liberals (only independents)

6. II. Sardinia, France, and Austria
Cavour’s Sardinia
Strengthened army, established banks, factories, and railroads, and improved trade
Increased Sardinia’s political influence with good politics
Saw Austria as barrier to Italian unification
Napoleon III
Thought that if Austria was driven from Italy France might dominate the Italian states
Cavour hoped that other Italian states would join Sardinia in an alliance against both Austria and France
Cavour developed a secret plan for Austria to declare war on Sardinia
War with Austria
1. French and Sardinian forces drive out Austria and other Italian states unify
2. France is afraid of bringing Prussia in so they sign a peace treaty
3. Started revolt in other states and overthrew Austrian rulers and unified under the Kingdom of Sardinia

7. III. Garibaldi and the Thousand
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies now was the target of nationalist
Giuseppe Garibaldi- military leadership- recruited an army
Crossed Italy’s mainland and unified the south
Cavour sent an army from the north to annex the papal states
1860- Garibaldi and Emmanual II met in Naples
Promised to support the establishment of the kingdom of Italy with Victor Emmanual as king and Garibaldi as governor of Naples
King refused

8. Unification Leaders Mazzini- emotional leadership- HEART
Cavour- political leadership- MIND
Garibaldi- military leadership- STRENGTH

9. IV. Unification and its problems
1860 most of Italy held plebiscites and voted for unity under king of Sardinia
By 1870 all of Italy was united with the capital in Rome
Problems
Few experienced self-government
Regions remained divided
a. Industrialized north and agricultural south
Standard of living was low