6. Research! Look up each antibiotic from our lab and describe what it does to bacteria. As a group, draw a picture that you think best represents how each antibiotic works.

8. Cells! –The cell is the lowest level of structure that can perform all activities required for life. Cell Theory: –All living organisms are composed of cells. –All cells come from other cells. We can distinguish two major types of cells: Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Photo source: Wikipedia

9. The prokaryotic cell is simple, small, and contains no organelles. The eukaryotic cell is larger and more complex and contains organelles.

10. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: (DNA) Cytosol A prokaryotic cell Two typical kinds of eukaryotic cells: - Animal cells - Plant cells

11. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: What do all cells have in common? (DNA) Cytosol Plasma membrane Cytosol Ribosomes Chromosomes made of DNA A prokaryotic cell

12. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: What is their most significant difference? Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles that perform specialized functions Prokaryotic cells do not

13. Look more closely at cellular structures and their functions Plasma Membrane and Cell Surface Nucleus and Ribosomes Endomembrane System –Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) –Golgi Body –Lysosomes –Vacuoles Energy Conversion: Chloroplasts and Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Cilia and Flagella

14. Plasma Membrane –The plasma membrane separates the living cell from its nonliving surroundings. - Regulates traffic into and out of the cell - Allows cell to interact with environment

15. Membrane Function –A closer look at our membranes Hydrophobic region Hydrophilic region

16. Cell Surfaces –Most cells secrete materials for coats of one kind or another that are external to (outside of) the plasma membrane.

17. –Animal cells have an extracellular matrix and cell junctions, Which helps hold cells together in tissues and protects and supports them (not shown). Cell Surfaces Try giving your skin a good pull. If your skin is made out of cells, how do they all stick together? Extracellular matrix and junctions!

18. –Plant cells and bacterial cells have cell walls, Which help protect the cells, maintain their shape, and keep the cells from absorbing too much water. Cell Surfaces

19. Plant Cell Walls: Cellulose

20. Bacterial Cell Walls: Peptidoglycan

21. Osmosis and the Cell Wall Solute in = solute out Water travels equally Solute in > solute out Water travels in Solute in < solute out Water travels out

22. Structure Meets Function in a Cell Plasma Membrane and Cell Surface Nucleus and Ribosomes Endomembrane System –Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) –Golgi Body –Lysosomes –Vacuoles Energy Conversion: Chloroplasts and Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Cilia and Flagella

23. The Nucleus: Genetic Control of the Cell –The nucleus is the manager of the cell. Genes on the DNA in the nucleus store information necessary to produce proteins. Prokaryotes do not have nuclei. Their genes (on DNA) are in the nucleoid region

24. Structure and Function of the Nucleus –The nucleus is bordered by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope. It contains chromatin and a nucleolus. Chromatin: long strands of DNA and associated proteins. The DNA stores the genetic information (genes). Nucleolus: assembles ribosomes

25. Ribosomes: Protein Synthesis –Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.

26. How DNA Controls the Cell –DNA controls the cell by transferring its coded information into RNA. The information in the RNA is used to make proteins. Eukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cell

27. Structure Meets Function in a Cell Plasma Membrane and Cell Surface Nucleus and Ribosomes Endomembrane System –Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) –Golgi Body –Lysosomes –Vacuoles Energy Conversion: Chloroplasts and Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Cilia and Flagella

28. The Endomembrane System: Manufacturing, Distributing, and Storing Cellular Products Not found in bacterial cells!

29. Structure Meets Function in a Cell Plasma Membrane and Cell Surface Nucleus and Ribosomes Endomembrane System –Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) –Golgi Body –Lysosomes –Vacuoles Energy Conversion: Chloroplasts and Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Cilia and Flagella

30. Energy Conversion: Chloroplasts & Mitochondria –Cells require a constant energy supply to do all the work of life. Not found in bacterial cells!

32. Chloroplasts –Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis, the conversion of light energy to chemical energy. All little green circles are chloroplasts Cell walls

33. Mitochondria –Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration, which involves the production of ATP from food molecules.

34. Structure Meets Function in a Cell Plasma Membrane and Cell Surface Nucleus and Ribosomes Endomembrane System –Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) –Golgi Body –Lysosomes –Vacuoles Energy Conversion: Chloroplasts and Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Cilia and Flagella

35. The Cytoskeleton: Cell Shape and Movement –The cytoskeleton consists of a network of fibers. Also, recently found in bacterial cells!

36. Cytoskeleton –Mechanical support to maintain cell shape –Can change cell shape to allow movement

37. Structure Meets Function in a Cell Plasma Membrane and Cell Surface Nucleus and Ribosomes Endomembrane System –Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) –Golgi Body –Lysosomes –Vacuoles Energy Conversion: Chloroplasts and Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Cilia and Flagella

38. –Cilia and flagella are motile appendages. Not found on most plant cells!

39. –Flagella propel the cell in a whiplike motion. –Cilia move in a coordinated back-and-forth motion.