# CHAPTER 6: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND MATHEMATICAL MODELING SECTION 6.2: ANTIDIFFERENTIATION BY SUBSTITUTION AP CALCULUS AB.

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CHAPTER 6: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND MATHEMATICAL MODELING SECTION 6.2: ANTIDIFFERENTIATION BY SUBSTITUTION AP CALCULUS AB

What you’ll learn about Indefinite Integrals Leibniz Notation and Antiderivatives Substitution in Indefinite Integrals Substitution in Definite Integrals … and why Antidifferentiation techniques were historically crucial for applying the results of calculus.

Section 6.2 – Antidifferentiation by Substitution Definition: The set of all antiderivatives of a function f(x) is the indefinite integral of f with respect to x and is denoted by

Section 6.2 – Antidifferentiation by Substitution is read “The indefinite integral of f with respect to x is F(x) + C.” Example: constant of integration integral sign integrand variable of integration

Section 6.2 – Antidifferentiation by Substitution Integral Formulas: Indefinite IntegralCorresponding Derivative Formula 1. 2. 3.

Section 6.2 – Antidifferentiation by Substitution More Integral Formulas: Indefinite IntegralCorresponding Derivative Formula 4. 5.

Section 6.2 – Antidifferentiation by Substitution More Integral Formulas: Indefinite IntegralCorresponding Derivative Formula 6. 7. 8. 9.

Trigonometric Formulas

Section 6.2 – Antidifferentiation by Substitution Properties of Indefinite Integrals: Let k be a real number. 1. Constant multiple rule: 2. Sum and Difference Rule:

Section 6.2 – Antidifferentiation by Substitution Example: C’s can be combined into one big C at the end.

Example Evaluating an Indefinite Integral

Section 6.2 – Antidifferentiation by Substitution Remember the Chain Rule for Derivatives: By reversing this derivative formula, we obtain the integral formula

Section 6.2 Antidifferentiation by Substitution Power Rule for Integration If u is any differentiable function of x, then

Exponential and Logarithmic Formulas

Section 6.2 – Antidifferentiation by Substitution A change of variable can often turn an unfamiliar integral into one that we can evaluate. The method for doing this is called the substitution method of integration.

Section 6.2 – Antidifferentiation by Substitution Example:

Rules For Substitution-- A mnemonic help: L - Logarithmic functions: ln x, log b x, etc.Logarithmic functions I - Inverse trigonometric functions: arctan x, arcsec x, etc.Inverse trigonometric functions A - Algebraic functions: x 2, 3x 50, etc.Algebraic functions T - Trigonometric functions: sin x, tan x, etc.Trigonometric functions E - Exponential functions: e x, 19 x, etc.Exponential functions The function which is to be dv is whichever comes last in the list: functions lower on the list have easier antiderivatives than the functions above them.antiderivatives The rule is sometimes written as "DETAIL" where D stands for dv.

To demonstrate the LIATE rule, consider the integral: Following the LIATE rule, u = x and dv = cos x dx, hence du = dx and v = sin x, which makes the integral become which equals

Section 6.2 – Antidifferentiation by Substitution Example:

Example Paying Attention to the Differential

Example Using Substitution

Example Setting Up a Substitution with a Trigonometric Identity Hint: let u = cos x and –du = sinxdx

Section 6.2 – Antidifferentiation by Substitution Substitution in Definite Integrals Substitute and integrate with respect to u from

Section 6.2 – Antidifferentiation by Substitution Ex:

Example Evaluating a Definite Integral by Substitution

Section 6.2 – Antidifferentiation by Substitution You try:

Section 6.2 – Antidifferentiation by Substitution You try:

Section 6.2 – Antidifferentiation by Substitution You try:

Section 6.2 – Antidifferentiation by Substitution You try:

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