1. Speech Communication Chapter 7 and 8

2. Chapter Seven: “Preparing Your Speech” I. Focus on Your Topic A. Find a Subject that Fascinates You! 1. You need a general subject 2. Be enthusiastic and generate enthusiasm B. Analyze Your Audience 1. How do I make this interesting to anyone? 2. Do I know more than they about this topic? II. The more you speak in front of your audience, the easier speaking will be

3. Chapter Seven: “Preparing Your Speech” A. Select Your General Speech Purpose 1. Persuade = speaker attempts to change attitudes or beliefs 2. Inform = teach listeners new information 3. Entertain = enjoyment and relaxation 4. Welcome = make newcomers feel welcome in a group etc. 5. Introduction = brief speech to give background information 6. Presentation & Acceptance = highlight the presentation or acceptance of an award or gift to individual or organization **Two primary purposes of speeches are to inform and to persuade!

4. Chapter Seven: “Preparing Your Speech” Focus on Specific Purpose  Specific purpose = precisely what you want your listeners to know, think, believe etc. about your speech  Purpose sentence = write a specific sentence of the specific aspects of the topic that the audience needs to know  Be careful not to have to broad of a topic, or not enough information  Make sure your topic fits within the time limits  Researching Your Topic Begin with what you already know  What do you know about your topic?  Outline what you know and find out what needs research

5. Chapter Seven: “Preparing Your Speech” Know what you are researching  Support = prove the accuracy of your statements, illustrate points, and keep the topic interesting  fact = events, truths that are shown to exist/be observed in the past, or presently occurring  statistics = collection of facts in numerical data  testimony = quotes, restatements of opinion to support points [expert/ street corner] not accurate but persuasive  narrative = supports in the form of a story, either real or imaginary  example = specific instances of a situation in the form of facts, statistics, testimony, or narrative. They intensify or personalize your ideas  comparisons = equating unlike ideas or phrases  Ex. Swarm of bees at hive = shoppers at a sale

6. Chapter Seven: “Preparing Your Speech”  Get to know your library  Card Catalogue = 3x5 index cards with important information  Title card  Author card  Subject card  1. Call number to locate book  2. Tells what section  Reference Section  Encyclopedia  Yearbook  Atlas  Dictionaries  Biographical Aids  1. Who’s Who in …..  2. Biographical information of famous persons  Periodicals  1. Magazines  2. Red catalogues that give information of magazines

7. Chapter Seven: “Preparing Your Speech”  Computerized Research Services  1. Microfiche  2. Databases [SD Library on Internet]  Document Section  Bulletins  Pamphlets by state, national governments, religious organizations, business organizations etc.  Bartlett’s Familiar Quotes  Oxford Dictionary of Quotations  Find Other Sources of Support  other people as sources  interviews of experts in the field  TV  radio  public opinion surveys

8. Chapter Seven: “Preparing Your Speech”  Record your Evidence  Use 3x5 index cards  notebooks with organized information  get source and document it  date/year/weekly/title/author  Organizing & Outlining Your Speech Select a pattern of Speech Organization 1. Chronological pattern = spoken in order from the past to the present to the future in time 2. Spatial pattern = parts tied together in special arrangements  Ex. East to west 3. Topical pattern = speech broken down into natural divisions  Ex. High school career = fresh – soph – junior – senior 4. Problem solving = 1st half of speech is the problem, and the 2nd half is developing solutions. 5. Monroe’s Motivated Sequence = [persuasive]  Attention  Need  Satisfaction  Visualization  Action 6. String of Beads = [after dinner & entertaining] which is a series of stories, jokes, anecdotes etc. strung out

9. Chapter Seven: “Preparing Your Speech” Start the Outline with a Purpose Sentence  Write the purpose sentence  Branch your outline tree to fulfill your purpose and be successful Develop Main Heads and Subheads  Main heads = main divisions of speech  Subheads = related to main heads and make into parallel parts of equal importance  Ex. I. Skydiving is safer than you think A. Qualified personnel skydive. B. Extensive training is involved. C. Chutes are checked and rechecked. Use Complete Sentences for Main Heads and Subheads  Sometimes main heads have complete sentences  Subheads have 1-3 words or brief sentences

10. Chapter Seven: “Preparing Your Speech”  Rehearsing Recognize the importance of thorough rehearsal  Not just brief run-throughs  Use people to read your speech aloud Find a place for rehearsal Plant the pattern of ideas in you mind Rehearse alone and then with friends  Time your rehearsals

11. Chapter Eight: “Choosing Effective Language” I. Differences Between Written and Spoken Language A. Choose effective language 1. Language for writing is not always appropriate for speaking 2. Tasks of reading and listening are different B. Spoken language needs to be clear; more so than written language II. Making Spoken Language Clear A. Keep wording short and simple 1. Spoken sentences need to be shorter and simpler than written sentences 2. Vocabulary helps keep it at a level where you need it B. Use concrete language 1. Concrete words = lets the listener “see” the idea and understand it 2. Abstract words = cannot touch, see, feel, smell or taste

12. Chapter Eight: “Choosing Effective Language” C. Use specific words = words that refer to a limited class of objects D. Restate main ideas 1. Restatement is a repetition of a word or phrase in a slightly different way 2. This is needed in spoken language, but not necessary in written language E. Remove unnecessary words 1. Economy of language = chopping needless words to save energy 2. These words “chopped out” do NOT add anything to the meaning of the sentence III. Creating Levels of Emphasis A. Emphasis: 1. Variety = sets the stage a. You need variety or you get repetitious patterns b. Vary specifics in your speech c. Vocabulary, sentence length, sentence structure

13. Chapter Eight: “Choosing Effective Language” 2. Contrast sticks in the reader’s mind  Contrast = two balanced phrases, clauses, sentences  Not an easy device, but careful planning is needed  Don’t overuse this, but only to emphasize major points 3. Rhetorical questions demand attention  Rhetorical questions = not meant to be answered out loud  These demand an answer in the mind and are difficult to ignore! 4. Repetition highlights important points  Repetition = state the same idea several times throughout the speech  Advertisers use this on TV or radio a lot!  Overuse of this device can be very annoying! 5. emphasizes the last item in a series  Climax ordering = moving from less significant to the most important  Use at least three items in order to have a series  Use sparingly  VCCRR

14. Chapter Eight: “Choosing Effective Language” IV. Using Figures of Speech = phrases and sentences that make a point by stating something that is not literally or exactly true 1. Simile = a brief comparison of two UNLIKE things using “like” or “as”.  Ex. He is like a little boy in a candy store. 2. Hyperbole = intentionally exaggerating in order to emphasize a point  Ex. I could eat a horse. 3. Analogy = an extended comparison, beyond 2-3 sentences  Ex. Salt : Pepper as Ketchup : Mustard 4. Metaphor = direct comparison of two UNLIKE things NOT using “like” or “as”  Ex. He is a turtle on the highway. 5. Personification = giving human qualities to inanimate objects  Ex. Death came knocking at my door. 6. Understatement = opposite of hyperbole; highlight something by playing it down or sound insignificant  Ex. (Are you rich? ) “I’m not worried about where my next meal is coming from.” 7. Irony = opposite meaning intended; usually a sarcastic tone  Ex. “Oh, that dress really looks cute!”

15. Chapter Eight: “Choosing Effective Language” V. Avoid Common Problems 1. Avoid unintentional connotations 2. Use euphemisms carefully  Euphemisms = gentle or softened expressions for harsh realities  Don’t use a lot of these or your message gets cloudy 3. Avoid Clichés like the plague  Green with envy  Pretty as a picture 4. Don’t Stereotype, which is assigning qualities to all people or objects because they are a part of a general group 5. Use Slang Sparingly, doncha know, baby! 6. Don’t Use Incorrect Grammar, ‘cause I don’t got no dictionary to help ya’all!