1. Control, Genomes and Environment Cellular Control – The lac operon

2. Starter Cystic fibrosis (CF) in humans is caused by mutations of a gene coding for transmembrane protein (CFTR) which acts as an ion pump. A large number of different mutations of the gene have been found. Explain what is meant by a gene mutation. (2 marks) a change in the genetic material; unpredictable / AW; extra detail; e.g.addition / substitution / deletion / frame shift / small part of chromosome / may code for different protein /may code for no protein

3. Learning Outcomes Explain genetic control of protein production in a prokaryote using the lac operon

4. Control of protein synthesis and activation Protein synthesis and activation is tightly controlled - ensuring body development, cellular processes and reactions all take place at appropriate times and rates. In eukaryotes: Protein synthesis can be controlled at the transcriptional and translational levels. Genes that aren’t transcribed are ‘switched off’ Genes that are transcribed, but not translated are ‘silenced’

5. Genetic control in prokaryotes Differential gene expression due to environment, eg. nutrient availability. Involves ‘operons’ - a section of DNA containing several genes: –Eg Structural genes (protein products), control elements (P,O) –regulatory gene is not strictly part of the operon, but its product has an important role. Regulatory gene Control sites Structural genes A

6. Complete the table Part of operon LetterIPOZY Function name Regulatory Gene Structural gene Product/detail of function Repressor protein  - galactosidase

7. Lactose Bacteria produce enzymes to metabolise certain nutrients only when they are present in their environment. E.coli normally respires glucose, but can also use lactose as its source of carbon. The essential enzyme to allow the metabolism of lactose is  -galactosidase. If lactose is not present, there will be very few  - galactosidase molecules in the cell. The presence of lactose in the environment causes a large increase in the production of  -galactosidase

8. Lactose not present I- Regulator gene – produces a repressor protein which binds to operator (O) P- Promoter region – binding site for RNA polymerase. Repressor at O prevents it binding. Z is  -galactosidase, Y is lactase permease. A is transacetylase Z, Y, A are not transcribed when R is at O A

9. I- Regulator gene – produces a repressor protein which is prevented from binding to O by lactose binding and changing the shape of the repressor. P- Promoter region – binding site for RNA polymerase. Z, Y, A are transcribed when RNA polymerase binds at P Lactose present A

10. Plenary ComponentFunction A. structural genes1. produces repressor protein B. regulator gene2. binds to repressor C. promoter3. codes for lac enzymes D. operator4. binds to RNA polymerase A – 3 B – 1 C – 4 D - 2

11. Activators Proteins which activate genes. Activators and repressors are transcription factors. Eg: cAMP can bind to protein kinase A and cause the protein to change shape, thus activating the protein.

12. Plenary The bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) uses glucose as a respiratory substrate. In the absence of glucose, E. coli can use lactose. The use of a different substrate is determined by the interaction between genes and the environment. Describe how this happens in this example. (5 marks)

13. Answer 1.ref to operon; 2normally repressor substance bound to operator; 3prevents RNA polymerase binding (at promoter) / prevents transcription; 4lactose binds to repressor; 5changes shape of protein molecule; 6unable to bind (to operator); 7RNA polymerase binds (at promoter) / transcription occurs / genes switched on; 8AVP; e.g. production of lactose permease / production of beta-galactosidase;

14. Homework Gene control in prokaryotes sheet Q p103 green book Q4 p149 purple book

15. Learning Outcomes Explain genetic control of protein production in a prokaryote using the lac operon