1. Egyptian Italian Year of Science & Technology Egyptian Academy of Scientific Research and Technology Library of Alexandria Mostafa K.Tolba January 10, 2009 Evolving Perceptions in Environmental Management

2. I – Evolving Environmental Perceptions  Protection of Nature  Pollution  Environment and Development - 1972  Eco development - 1973  Development without destruction – 1974

3.  Alternative patterns of development and lifestyles 1977-1978  Sustainable Development 1982- 1992

4.  water ( Quality and Quantity ) II- Deteriorating Environment:  Air (quality / climate change )  Land (soil, vegetation cover, minerals, Biological Resources )

5. Examples of Deterioration:  Tripling water demand over the last half- century  Underground water: withdrawals beyond the recharge  Emerging water shortages Food Production :  A third or more of topsoil lost  Annual rise in land productivity - averaging 2.1 percent 1950-1990 - dropped to 1 percent 1990 to 2002  Range Land and Oceanic Fisheries pushed to their limits – Climate Change

6. Facing Environmental Deterioration:  Adopting Realistic Prices of Water Water Shortages: South Africa – lifeline rates: each household fixed amount - for basic needs at low price - when water use exceeds this level- price escalates.  Metering Underground water use: Jordan: 285 cubic meters - water person year.  Harvesting limited rainfall  Increasing Water productivity. In India raised by average190 percent shifting to drip irrigation.

7. - Energy and Raw Material - Cleaner Production: - Tools to Asses and Avoid Environmental Deterioration A- Environmental Economics  cost of action and cost of inaction – Stern Report

8. B- Environmental Accounting  Environmental Accounting  Natural Resources Accounting  Ecological Accounting

9. Strategic Environmental Assessment Cumulative Environmental Assessment Environmental Impact Assessment C- Environmental Assessment

10. D- Ecological Footprint :  Accounting tool measures a population's demand on nature.  Footprint of a country= A- Total area required to produce food, fibre and timber nation consumes B- Absorb its waste C- Space for infrastructure.

11.  The Ecological Footprint is measured in global hectares.  Global hectare 1 hectare of biologically productive space.  Biologically Productive Area:  land and sea area with significant photosynthetic activity and production of biomass.  Earth's biocapacity:  nature's ability to produce resources from its biologically productive area.

13. Ecological Footprint

14. Ecological Foot Print 57 Countries in Debt 90 Debtor Country 147 Countries Arab Countries among those : 1/2 United Arab Emirates 4 Kuwait 21 Saudi Arabia 38 Libya 45 Lebanon

15. Debtor Arab Countries 60- Syria 70- Jordan 77- Algeria 78- Tunis 84- Egypt 103- Sudan 107- Iraq 110- Morocco 131- Yemen 146- Somalia Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, Mauritania, Cameron, Djibouti and Palestine not include.

16. Egypt Foot Print

17. United States of America Foot Print

18. Humanities Foot Print

19. - In 2005 ESIs, the Earth’s biocapacity gives 1.8 global hectares per person. Same year consumption 2.2 global hectares per person. Overshoot started 1980. - In 2005 ESIs, humanity ’ s Ecological Footprint exceeded global biocapacity by 0.4 global hectare per person, twenty- three per cent. Where are we today?  Global overshoot began mid 1980s.  Nature ’ s capital spent faster than it is being regenerated.  Equity and Intergenerational Rights

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