1. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology1 AspectJ™: aspect-oriented programming using Java™ technology Gregor Kiczales University of British Columbia and AspectJ.org

2. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology2 my personal research goal to enable programmers to write code that looks as much as possible like the design it implements code that “looks like the design” –same modularity and structure as design intended benefits –traceability is easier –easier to debug and maintain –more fun to write

3. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology3 my history with objects 81-84– OO systems programming on the Lisp machine 85-92– Common Lisp Object System 88-93– metaobject protocols 96-now– aspect-oriented programming

4. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology4 Common Lisp Object System (CLOS) idea: integrate objects and Lisp break OOP into constituent pieces –polymorphic dispatch  generic functions multi-methods –everything is an object standard classes and built-in classes

5. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology5 generic function syntax the syntax of a function call is the same as the syntax of a generic function call (car x) (get-name p1) (display item window) (display item stream) the caller can’t tell whether these are functions or generic functions

6. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology6 generic function syntax the syntax of a function call is the same as the syntax of a generic function call (car x) (get-name p1) (display item window) (display item stream) increases abstraction means implementation can change takes “message as goal” more seriously! enables multi-methods (can’t add “real” multi-methods to Java) each of these can have methods that dispatch based on the class of the arguments

7. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology7 CLOS was open source PCL implementation of CLOS –portable –high-performance –written in Common Lisp enabled users to be involved in design –all features had real user feedback before they went into the standards document

8. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology8 CLOS Metaobject Protocol idea: everything is OO –including the programming language itself –metaobject protocol is meta-level framework –can change language semantics programmer could change –inheritance rules –kinds of methods –object implementation structure scope control –localized changes to specific parts of program

9. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology9 CLOS metaobject protocol (draw obj) generic function draw class line line obj method for line method for circle do you apply? what is your inheritance? apply yourself

10. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology10 aspect-oriented programming its hard to build with objects alone

11. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology11 a technical talk about how a new programming paradigm, as realized in an extension to the Java™ programming language can improve programs, and help with development this talk… a technical talk about how a new programming paradigm, as realized in an extension to the Java™ programming language can improve programs, and help with development will show code & language details aspect-oriented programming AspectJ™ by improving their modularity design, implementation & debugging

12. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology12 consider a system like client1 client2 Server clients call server worker 1 worker 3 worker 2

13. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology13 OOP increases modularity client1 client2 Server clients call server worker 1 worker 3 worker 2 –the data structure used to store –the search algorithm –the marshalling

14. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology14 but… context specific behavior here synchronization job logging

15. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology15 but… client1 client2 Server clients call server worker 1 worker 3 worker 2

16. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology16 but… Document Printer User class User { String name; int quota; User(String n) { name = n; } } class Document { String name; Document(String n) { name = n; } } Terminal public class Printer { Thread pthread; boolean print(Document doc) { pthread = Thread.currentThread(); System.out.println("Printing " + doc.name); try { Thread.sleep(3000); } catch (InterruptedException e) { System.out.println("Print interrupted"); return false; }; return true; } public void interruption(Document doc) { pthread.interrupt(); } public class Library { private Hashtable docs = new Hashtable(); private Hashtable users = new Hashtable(); private Printer printer; private class TerminalInfo { Terminal terminal; Thread thread; }; TerminalInfo term; Library(Printer p) { printer = p; for (int i = 0; i < 100 ; i++) { Document doc = new Document("book" + String.valueOf(i)); docs.put(doc, "book" + String.valueOf(i)); } for (int i = 0; i < 100 ; i++) { User user = new User("user" + String.valueOf(i)); users.put(user, "user" + String.valueOf(i)); } public Document search(Terminal t, String key) { term.terminal = t; term.thread = Thread.currentThread(); try { return (Document)docs.get(key); } catch (Exception e) { System.out.println("Search interrupted at user's request"); } return null; } public boolean print(Terminal t, Document doc) { term.terminal = t; term.thread = Thread.currentThread(); try { return printer.print(doc); } catch (Exception e) { System.out.println("Print interrupted at user's request"); printer.interruption(doc); } return false; } public String quota(Terminal t, String username) { term.terminal = t; term.thread = Thread.currentThread(); try { User user = (User)users.get(username); if (user != null) return String.valueOf(user.quota); } catch (Exception e) { System.out.println("Quota query interrupted at user's request"); } return null; } public void interruption(Terminal t) { if (t == term.terminal) { term.thread.interrupt(); } public static void main(String[] args) { Printer printer = new Printer(); Library lib = new Library(printer); Terminal term = new Terminal(lib); } public class Terminal { private Library lib; Thread termthread; Terminal (Library l) { lib = l; } public void logon() {} public void gui() {} public Document search(String key) { try { return lib.search(this, key); } catch (Exception e) { System.out.println("Operation interrupted at user's request"); lib.interruption(this); } return null; } public void print(Document doc) { try { lib.print(this, doc); } catch (Exception e) { System.out.println("Operation interrupted at user's request"); lib.interruption(this); } void interruption() { termthread.interrupt(); } void run() { termthread = Thread.currentThread(); while (true) { } Library “tangled code” code redundancy difficult to reason about difficult to change

17. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology17 but… client1 client2 Server clients call server worker 1worker 3worker 2

18. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology18 a crosscutting concern Library Document holds * * Terminal accessed by * Printer uses * User holds * search(key) print(doc) quota(user)... gui() logon() search(key) print(doc)... print(ps) getStatus() getQueue()... user interruption cuts across the object structure

19. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology19 the AOP idea crosscutting is inherent in complex systems crosscutting concerns –have a clear purpose –have a natural structure defined set of methods, module boundary crossings, points of resource utilization, lines of dataflow… so, let’s capture the structure of crosscutting concerns explicitly... –in a modular way –with linguistic and tool support aspect-oriented programming

20. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology20 Document User class User { String name; int quota; User(String n) { name = n; } } class Document { String name; Document(String n) { name = n; } } Terminal public class Library { private Hashtable docs = new Hashtable(); private Hashtable users = new Hashtable(); private Printer printer; private class TerminalInfo { Terminal terminal; Thread thread; }; TerminalInfo term; Library(Printer p) { printer = p; for (int i = 0; i < 100 ; i++) { Document doc = new Document("book" + String.valueOf(i)); docs.put(doc, "book" + String.valueOf(i)); } for (int i = 0; i < 100 ; i++) { User user = new User("user" + String.valueOf(i)); users.put(user, "user" + String.valueOf(i)); } public Document search(Terminal t, String key) { term.terminal = t; term.thread = Thread.currentThread(); try { return (Document)docs.get(key); } catch (Exception e) { System.out.println("Search interrupted at user's request"); } return null; } public boolean print(Terminal t, Document doc) { term.terminal = t; term.thread = Thread.currentThread(); try { return printer.print(doc); } catch (Exception e) { System.out.println("Print interrupted at user's request"); printer.interruption(doc); } return false; } public String quota(Terminal t, String username) { term.terminal = t; term.thread = Thread.currentThread(); try { User user = (User)users.get(username); if (user != null) return String.valueOf(user.quota); } catch (Exception e) { System.out.println("Quota query interrupted at user's request"); } return null; } public void interruption(Terminal t) { if (t == term.terminal) { term.thread.interrupt(); } public static void main(String[] args) { Printer printer = new Printer(); Library lib = new Library(printer); Terminal term = new Terminal(lib); } public class Terminal { private Library lib; Thread termthread; Terminal (Library l) { lib = l; } public void logon() {} public void gui() {} public Document search(String key) { try { return lib.search(this, key); } catch (Exception e) { System.out.println("Operation interrupted at user's request"); lib.interruption(this); } return null; } public void print(Document doc) { try { lib.print(this, doc); } catch (Exception e) { System.out.println("Operation interrupted at user's request"); lib.interruption(this); } void interruption() { termthread.interrupt(); } void run() { termthread = Thread.currentThread(); while (true) { } Library Printer public class Printer { Thread pthread; boolean print(Document doc) { pthread = Thread.currentThread(); System.out.println("Printing " + doc.name); try { Thread.sleep(3000); } catch (InterruptedException e) { System.out.println("Print interrupted"); return false; }; return true; } public void interruption(Document doc) { pthread.interrupt(); } language support for aspects

21. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology21 OOP – the motivation void drawWindow(Window w) { drawBorders(w.borders); if ( w.isPopUp ) { … } got to get this code OO was about localizing this kind of concern

22. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology22 OOP – the language technology explicit support for –message as goal –encapsulation –polymorphism –inheritance some variation –class- vs. prototype-based Java, C++, Smalltalk, CLOS vs. Self –single vs. multiple inheritance Java, Smalltalk, Self vs. C++, CLOS interface FigureElement { public void draw(Graphics g); } class Point implements FigureElement { int _x = 0, _y = 0; : public void draw(Graphics g) { } class Line implements FigureElement { : public void draw(Graphics g) { } analogy as follows? interface – crosscut class – aspect advice – method analogy as follows? interface – crosscut class – aspect advice – method

23. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology23 OOP – the tool technology tools preserve object abstraction –browse classes and methods –debug objects and methods

24. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology24 an example system a distributed digital library

25. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology25 the code Document Printer User class User { String name; int quota; User(String n) { name = n; } } class Document { String name; Document(String n) { name = n; } } Terminal public class Printer { Thread pthread; boolean print(Document doc) { pthread = Thread.currentThread(); System.out.println("Printing " + doc.name); try { Thread.sleep(3000); } catch (InterruptedException e) { System.out.println("Print interrupted"); return false; }; return true; } public void interruption(Document doc) { pthread.interrupt(); } public class Library { private Hashtable docs = new Hashtable(); private Hashtable users = new Hashtable(); private Printer printer; private class TerminalInfo { Terminal terminal; Thread thread; }; TerminalInfo term; Library(Printer p) { printer = p; for (int i = 0; i < 100 ; i++) { Document doc = new Document("book" + String.valueOf(i)); docs.put(doc, "book" + String.valueOf(i)); } for (int i = 0; i < 100 ; i++) { User user = new User("user" + String.valueOf(i)); users.put(user, "user" + String.valueOf(i)); } public Document search(Terminal t, String key) { term.terminal = t; term.thread = Thread.currentThread(); try { return (Document)docs.get(key); } catch (Exception e) { System.out.println("Search interrupted at user's request"); } return null; } public boolean print(Terminal t, Document doc) { term.terminal = t; term.thread = Thread.currentThread(); try { return printer.print(doc); } catch (Exception e) { System.out.println("Print interrupted at user's request"); printer.interruption(doc); } return false; } public String quota(Terminal t, String username) { term.terminal = t; term.thread = Thread.currentThread(); try { User user = (User)users.get(username); if (user != null) return String.valueOf(user.quota); } catch (Exception e) { System.out.println("Quota query interrupted at user's request"); } return null; } public void interruption(Terminal t) { if (t == term.terminal) { term.thread.interrupt(); } public static void main(String[] args) { Printer printer = new Printer(); Library lib = new Library(printer); Terminal term = new Terminal(lib); } public class Terminal { private Library lib; Thread termthread; Terminal (Library l) { lib = l; } public void logon() {} public void gui() {} public Document search(String key) { try { return lib.search(this, key); } catch (Exception e) { System.out.println("Operation interrupted at user's request"); lib.interruption(this); } return null; } public void print(Document doc) { try { lib.print(this, doc); } catch (Exception e) { System.out.println("Operation interrupted at user's request"); lib.interruption(this); } void interruption() { termthread.interrupt(); } void run() { termthread = Thread.currentThread(); while (true) { } Library

26. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology26 language support for aspects Document User class User { String name; into quota; User(String n) { name = n; } } class Document { String name; Document(String n) { name = n; } } class UserRequestThreads { introduction (Terminal | Library | Printer) { Thread thread; void interruption() { thread.interrupt(); } static advice (Document search(String key) | void print(Document doc)) & Terminal { catch (Exception e) { System.out.println("Operation interrupted at user's request"); lib.interruption(thisJoinPoint.object); } static advice (Terminal & (Document search(String key) | void print(Document doc))) | (Library & (Document search(Terminal t, String key) | String quota(Terminal t, String username) | boolean print(Terminal t, Document doc))) | (Printer & boolean print(Document doc)) { before { thread = Thread.currentThread(); } static advice Library & (Document search(Terminal t, String key) | String quota(Terminal t, String username)) { catch (Exception e) { System.out.println("Search interrupted at user's request"); return null; } static advice Library & boolean print(Terminal t, Document doc) { catch (Exception e) { System.out.println("Search interrupted at user's request"); printer.interruption(doc); return false; } static advice Printer & boolean print(Document doc) { catch (InterruptedException e) { System.out.println("Print interrupted"); return false; } UserInterrupt Terminal public class Terminal { private Library lib; Terminal (Library l) { lib = l; } public void logon() {} public void gui() {} public Document search(String key) { return lib.search(this, key); } public void print(Document doc) { lib.print(this, doc); } void run() { termthread = Thread.currentThread(); while (true) { } Library public class Library { private Hashtable docs = new Hashtable(); private Hashtable users = new Hashtable(); private Printer printer; private class TerminalInfo { Terminal terminal; }; TerminalInfo term; Library(Printer p) { printer = p; for (int i = 0; i < 100 ; i++) { Document doc = new Document("book" + String.valueOf(i)); docs.put(doc, "book" + String.valueOf(i)); } for (int i = 0; i < 100 ; i++) { User user = new User("user" + String.valueOf(i)); users.put(user, "user" + String.valueOf(i)); } public Document search(Terminal t, String key) { term.terminal = t; return (Document)docs.get(key); } public boolean print(Terminal t, Document doc) { term.terminal = t; return printer.print(doc); } public String quota(Terminal t, String username) { term.terminal = t; User user = (User)users.get(username); if (user != null) return String.valueOf(user.quota); } public static void main(String[] args) { Printer printer = new Printer(); Library lib = new Library(printer); Terminal term = new Terminal(lib); } Printer public class Printer { boolean print(Document doc) { System.out.println("Printing " + doc.name); try { Thread.sleep(3000); } catch (InterruptedException e) { System.out.println("Print interrupted"); return false; }; return true; }

27. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology27 AspectJ support for explicitly crosscutting concerns smooth integration with Java adds 3 new constructs Library Document Terminal Printer User make modules like this first class

28. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology28 return _x; return _y; semantic framework for Java when a “void setX(int)” message * is received by a point, do this p1 setX(3) _x = x; class Point { private int _x = 0, _y = 0; Point(int x, int y) { setXY(x,y); } int getX() { return _x; } int getY() { return _y; } void setX(int x) { _x = x; } void setY(int y) { _y = y; } void setXY(int x, int y) { _x = x; _y = y; } void draw(Graphics g) { … } }

29. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology29 a Client a Server the join points key points in runtime object interaction a return value or exception is received by this object an value is returned or an exception is thrown by this object a method is called on an object dispatch the method call leaves this object the actual method starts executing a method call to another object

30. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology30 pointcut requests(): Server & (int newJob(String) | String jobStatus(int)); the pointcut construct any point in an instanceof Server whenever a Server receives “int newJob(String)” or “String jobStatus(int)” calls setY(11) setX(3) a “void setX(int)” message andor a “void setY(int)” message name and parameters denotes certain join points

31. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology31 the crosscut construct can cut across multiple classes crosscut moves(): (Point & (void setX(int) | void setY(int))) | (Line & (void setP1(Point) | void setP2(Point)));

32. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology32 the advice construct additional action to take at crosscut crosscut moves(): (Point & (void setX(int) | void setY(int))) | (Line & (void setP1(Point) | void setP2(Point))); static after(): moves() { }

33. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology33 class TrackMoves { static boolean _flag = false; static boolean testAndClear() { boolean result = _flag; _flag = false; return result; } crosscut moves(): (Point & (void setX(int) | void setY(int))) | (Line & (void setP1(Point) | void setP2(Point))); static after(): moves() { _flag = true; } a simple aspect an aspect is a crosscutting concern

34. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology34 using context in advice crosscut can explicitly expose certain values advice can use value crosscut moves(Object o): o & ((Point & (void setX(int) | void setY(int))) | (Line & (void setP1(Point) | void setP2(Point)))); static after(Object o): moves(o) { } crosscut signature typed variable in place of type name matches signature advice parameters

35. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology35 using context in advice class TrackMoves { static Set _movers = new HashSet(); static Set getMovers() { Set result = _movers; _movers = new HashSet(); return result; } crosscut moves(Object o): o & ((Point & (void setX(int) | void setY(int))) | (Line & (void setP1(Point) | void setP2(Point)))); static advice(Object o): moves(o) { after { _movers.add(o); }

36. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology36 advice is additional action to take at a join points before before proceeding at join point after returning a value to join point after throwing a throwable to join point after return to join point either way around before, with explicit control over when&if program proceeds at join point

37. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology37 after advice class BoundsChecker { crosscut sets(Point p): p & (void setX(int) | void setY(int)); static advice (Point p): sets(p) { after { assert(p.getX() >= MIN_X); assert(p.getX() <= MAX_X); assert(p.getY() >= MIN_Y); assert(p.getY() <= MAX_Y); } static void assert(boolean v) { if ( !v ) throw new RuntimeException(…); }

38. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology38 before advice class BoundsChecker { static advice(Point p, int newX): p & void setX(newX) { before { assert(newX >= MIN_X); assert(newX <= MAX_X); } } static advice(Point p, int newY): p & void setY(newY) { before { assert(newY >= MIN_Y); assert(newY <= MAX_Y); } } static void assert(boolean v) { if ( !v ) throw new RuntimeException(…); } }

39. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology39 around advice class BoundsEnforcer { static advice(Point p, int newX) returns void: p & void setX(newX) { around { thisJoinPoint.runNext(p, clip(newX, MIN_X, MAX_X)); } static advice(Point p, int newY) returns void: p & void setY(newY) { around { thisJoinPoint.runNext(p, clip(newY, MIN_X, MAX_X)); } } static int clip(int val, int min, int max) { return Math.max(min, Math.min(max, val)); } }

40. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology40 an asymmetric multi-object protocol time each connection total time connected Customer Connection 0..N 11 caller receiver 1 Call 0..N trivial telecom system crosscutting concerns are: timing consistency checks... start timing: when there’s a new connection stop timing: when connection is dropped add time: when connection is dropped

41. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology41 timing aspect implementation class Timing { private Timer Connection.timer = new Timer(); private long Customer.totalConnectTime = 0; public static long getCustomerTotalConnectTime(Customer c) { return c.totalConnectTime; } : a variable in Connection that only Timing can see a variable in Customer that only Timing can see proper accessor for the total connect time the aspect state crosscuts the objects proper access is through the aspect

42. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology42 timing aspect implementation crosscut startTiming(Connection c): c & void complete(); crosscut endTiming(Connection c): c & void drop(); static advice(Connection c): startTiming(c) { after { c.timer.start(); } static advice(Connection c): endTiming(c) { after { c.timer.stop(); c.getCaller().totalConnectTime += c.timer.getTime(); c.getReceiver().totalConnectTime += c.timer.getTime(); }

43. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology43 wildcarding in crosscuts Point & public * *(..) shapes..* & !private int *(..) messages instantiations (Point | Line) & new(..) shapes..* & new(..) shapes.util.Point shapes..* types “..” is a multiple-part wild card “*” is a single-part wild card * *(..) & handle(RMIException) handling exceptions

44. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology44 property-based crosscuts consider another programmer adding public method –i.e. extending the public interface this code will automatically capture that class LogPublicErrors { static Log log = new Log(); crosscut publicInterface (): mypackage..* & ( public * *(..) | public new(..) ); static advice(): publicInterface() { after throwing (Error e) { log.write(e); } } }

45. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology45 context-dependent functionality client1 client2 Server clients call server worker 1worker 3worker 2 server ends up calling workers, through many levels workers need to know client: capabilities charge backs to customize result

46. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology46 context passing crosscuts client1 client2 Server worker 1 worker 3 worker 2 crosscut entryPoints(): Server & (void doService1(Object) | void doService2());

47. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology47 context passing crosscuts crosscut entryPoints(): Server & (void doService1(Object) | void doService2()); crosscut invocations(Client c): c & calls(entryPoints()); client1 client2 Server worker 1 worker 3 worker 2

48. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology48 context passing crosscuts crosscut entryPoints(): Server & (void doService1(Object) | void doService2()); crosscut invocations(Client c): c & calls(entryPoints()); crosscut clientScope(Client c): cflow(invocations(c)); client1 client2 Server worker 1 worker 3 worker 2

49. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology49 context passing crosscuts crosscut entryPoints(): Server & (void doService1(Object) | void doService2()); crosscut invocations(Client c): c & calls(entryPoints()); crosscut clientScope (Client c): cflow(invocations(c)) & workPoints(); crosscut workPoints(): (ServiceHelper1 & void doWorkItemA()) | (ServiceHelper2 & void doWorkItemB()) | (ServiceHelper3 & void doWorkItemC()); client1 client2 Server worker 1 worker 3 worker 2

50. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology50 class HandleChargebacks { crosscut entryPoints(): Server & (void doService1(Object) | void doService2()); crosscut invocations(Client c): c & calls(entryPoints()); crosscut clientWork(Client c): cflow(invocations(c)) & workPoints(); crosscut workPoints(): (ServiceHelper1 & void doWorkItemA()) | (ServiceHelper2 & void doWorkItemB()) | (ServiceHelper3 & void doWorkItemC()); static advice (Client c): clientWork(c) { before { c.chargeback(); } context passing crosscuts

51. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology51 IDE demos basic support, in emacs and Visual Studio –browsing program structure –editing –compiling extension to javadoc will expand in future releases –debugger –more sophisticated browsing –more IDEs

52. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology52 AspectJ – libraries 2 things this could mean –libraries of crosscutting concerns –libraries of objects with crosscutting concerns language must support –inheritance & specialization of aspects –composition of aspects (advice & crosscuts) key points –libraries evolve, come later, are really valuable

53. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology53 inheritance and specialization crosscuts can have additional advice –in figure editor –moves() can have advice from different parts of system abstract crosscuts can be specialized

54. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology54 a reusable exception handling aspect abstract public class LogRemoteExceptions { abstract crosscut msgs(); static advice msgs() { after throwing (RemoteException e) { log.println(“Remote call failed in: ” + thisJoinPoint.methodName + “(” + e + “).”); } public class JWAMRemotExceptionLogger extends LogRemoteExceptions { crosscut msgs(): RegistryServer & * *(..) | RMIMessageBrokerImpl & private * *(..); } abstract

55. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology55 common questions how do I start? –very conservative use AO style –somewhat conservative - debugging, tracing, profiling –somewhat aggressive use where crosscutting concerns are hurting most –more aggressive re-factor all existing code back-out is straightforward in all cases but how do I find the crosscutting concerns?

56. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology56 other common aspects concurrency control (locking) contracts (pre-/post- conditions) initialization & cleanup –especially of linked structures security GUI “skins” some patterns common protocols

57. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology57 common questions is this just event based programming? reflection? doesn’t _____ have a feature like this? Visual Age, CLOS, Objective-C –crosscutting concerns are an old problem –crystallization of style around explicit support for implementation of crosscutting concerns

58. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology58 common questions doesn’t this violate modularity? –new kind of modularity –aspects are constrained composition of aspects?

59. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology59 common questions does this really help? these examples are all simple OOP doesn’t shine when implementing just Menu OOP shines when doing window system, w/GUI frameworks –consider larger systems –consider multiple crosscutting aspects –consider reading someone else’s code

60. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology60 common questions exception handling case study* framework w/ 600 classes, 44 KLOC reengineered with AspectJ 0.4 2.9%10.9%.2 KLOC (31 catch aspects) 2.1 KLOC (414 catch statements).6 KLOC pre-conditions.3 KLOC post-conditions 2.1 KLOC pre-conditions.6 KLOC post-conditions with aspectswithout aspects % of total LOC exception handling exception detection * to appear in ICSE’2000

61. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology61 related work in separation of crosscutting concerns HyperJ [Ossher, Tarr et. al] –multi-dimensional separation of concerns –generator-based approach Composition Filters, Demeter/Java OpenC++, OpenJIT, … Intentional Programming active community… –publishes and holds workshops at: OOPSLA, ECOOP and ICSE

62. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology62 AspectJ status aspectj.org –250 unique users download each month –users list grew from 35 to 379 members since August compiler implementation –4 major and 16 minor releases over the last year still needs to support incremental compilation still depends on javac as a back-end tutorials, primer, users-guide –full-day tutorials grew from 3 in 1998 to 8 in 1999 tools support –initial IDE support for emacs, VisualStudio, need more –javadoc replacement – ajdoc, need jdb

63. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology63 AspectJ future continue to build language, compiler, tools and user community; community feedback will drive design 1.0 –crosscutting state, type system, tuning existing constructs –no longer dependent on javac –ajdb; JBuilder and Forte support 1.1 –only minor language changes –faster incremental compiler (up to 5k classes), doesn’t require source of target classes –??? 2.0 –new dynamic crosscut constructs,... commercialization decision sometime after 1.0

64. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology64 AOP future language design –more dynamic crosscuts, type system … tools –more IDE support, aspect discovery, re-factoring, re- cutting… software engineering –finding aspects, modularity principles, … metrics –measurable benefits, areas for improvement theory –type system for crosscutting, fast compilation, advanced crosscut constructs

65. TS-1505, AspectJ: Aspect-Oriented Programming Using JavaTM Technology65 putting things that usually get spread out in one place… by improving their modularity this is a technical talk about how a new programming paradigm, as realized in an extension to the Java™ programming language can improve programs, and help with development aspect-oriented programming aspectj design, implementation, debugging… will show code, language details