1. http://vustudents.ning.com/1 Strategic Management and Strategic Competitiveness http://vustudents.ning.com/ Overview Nature of Competition I/O Model of Above-Average Returns (AAR) Resource-Based Model of AAR Strategic Vision and Mission Stakeholders Strategic Leaders The Strategic Management Process What is Performance?

2. http://vustudents.ning.com/ What is Strategic Management? analyze competitive situation develop strategic goals devise plan of action allocate resources implement plan evaluate results

3. The Process of Strategic Management Identify Assumptions Environment al Analysis  Competition/ Industry Structure  Regulations  Technology  Market Trends  Economic Trends Environment al Analysis  Competition/ Industry Structure  Regulations  Technology  Market Trends  Economic Trends Organization Self-Assessment Resources  Financial  Physical  Human  Technological  Capital Management Systems  Culture  Structure  Power Dynamics/Politics  Decision Making Processes  Past Strategy and Performance  Work Systems Organization Self-Assessment Resources  Financial  Physical  Human  Technological  Capital Management Systems  Culture  Structure  Power Dynamics/Politics  Decision Making Processes  Past Strategy and Performance  Work Systems

4. http://vustudents.ning.com/ Solectron Mission Statement “Our mission is to provide world wide responsiveness to our customers by offering the highest quality, lowest total cost, customized, integrated, design, supply-chain and manufacturing solutions through long- term partnerships based on integrity and ethical business practices.”

5. http://vustudents.ning.com/ Strategic Choice Human Resource Needs Skills Behaviors Culture Firm Performance Productivity Quality Productivity Human Resource Actions Behaviors Results (Productivity, Absenteeism, Turnover) Human Resource Capability Skills Abilities Knowledge Strategy Formulation Strategy Implementation HR Practices Recruiting Training Performance Management Job Analysis Labor Relations Employee Relations Mission Goals Job Design Selection Development Pay Structure Incentives Benefits Strategy Evaluation SWOT Emergent Strategies

6. http://vustudents.ning.com/6 Nature of Competition: Basic concepts Strategy Integrated and coordinated set of commitments and actions designed to exploit core competencies and gain a competitive advantage Competitive Advantage (CA) When a firm implements a strategy that competitors are unable to duplicate or find too costly to imitate Strategic Competitiveness Achieved when a firm successfully formulates & implements a value-creating strategy

7. http://vustudents.ning.com/7 Nature of Competition: Basic concepts Above Average Returns Returns in excess of what investor expects in comparison to other investments with similar risk Risk Investor’s uncertainty about economic gains/losses resulting from a particular investment Average Returns Returns equal to what investor expects in comparison to other investments with similar risk Strategic Management Process (SMP) Full set of commitments, decisions and actions required for a firm to achieve strategic competitiveness and earn above average returns

8. http://vustudents.ning.com/8 The Strategic Management Process

9. http://vustudents.ning.com/9 Industrial Organizational (I/O) Model of Above-Average Returns (AAR) Explains the external environment’s dominant influence on a firm's strategic actions and performance Characteristics of and conditions present in the external environment determine the appropriateness of strategies that are formulated and implemented in order for a firm to earn above-average returns. The choice of industry in which to compete has more influence on firm performance than the decisions made by managers inside the firm.

10. http://vustudents.ning.com/10 Industrial Organizational (I/O) Model of Above-Average Returns (AAR) 4 Underlying Assumptions External environment imposes pressures and constraints that determine the strategies resulting in AAR Most firms that compete within a particular industry: Control similar strategically relevant resources Pursue similar strategies in light of those resources Resources for implementing strategies are h ighly mobile across firms Therefore any resource differences between firms will be short-lived Organizational decision makers are rational and committed to acting in the firm's best interests, as shown by their profit-maximizing behaviors

11. http://vustudents.ning.com/11 Industrial Organizational (I/O) Model of Above- Average Returns (AAR)

12. http://vustudents.ning.com/12 Industrial Organizational (I/O) Model of Above-Average Returns (AAR) Limitations Only two strategies are suggested: Cost Leadership  Produce standardized products at costs below those of competitors - be THE low-cost leader Differentiation  Produce differentiated products that customers are willing to pay a premium price for Internal resources & capabilities are not considered AAR are earned when a firm implements the strategy dictated by external environment (general, industry, and competitor)

13. http://vustudents.ning.com/13 The Resource-Based Model of AAR Basic Premise - a firm's unique resources & capabilities is the basis for firm strategy and AAR Each organization is a bundle of unique resources and capabilities Performance difference between firms emerge over time due to these unique resources and capabilities (versus industry’s structural characteristics) Combined uniqueness should define the firms’ strategic actions Resources are tangible and intangible

14. http://vustudents.ning.com/14 The Resource-Based Model of AAR Resources Inputs into a firm's production process Includes capital equipment, employee skills, patents, high-quality managers, financial condition, etc. Basis for competitive advantage: When resources are valuable, rare, costly to imitate, and nonsubstitutable 3 categories of internal/firm-specific resources Physical - t hings you can touch/feel = tangible Human - people / employees Organizational capital - relative to the firm itself

15. http://vustudents.ning.com/15 The Resource-Based Model of AAR Capability Capacity for a set of resources to perform a task or activity in an integrative manner Core Competency A firm’s resources and capabilities that serve as sources of competitive advantage over its rival Summary A firm has superior performance because of Unique resources and capabilities, and the combination makes them different, and better, than their competition – driving the competitive advantage

16. http://vustudents.ning.com/16 The Resource- Based Model of AAR

17. http://vustudents.ning.com/17 Vision and Mission http://vustudents.ning.com/ Purpose to inform stakeholders of what the firm is, what it seeks to accomplish, and who it seeks to serve Vision Picture of what the firm wants to be and, in broad terms, what it ultimately wants to achieve Gives the firm direction The responsibility of a firm's top strategic leader – the CEO CEO works with others to form a firm’s strategic vision Serves as foundation for mission Mission Specifies the business(es) or industries in which a firm intends to compete and the customers it intends to serve More specific than the vision Mission and vision provide foundation for strategy formulation and implementation

18. http://vustudents.ning.com/18 Stakeholders Basic Premise – a firm can effectively manage stakeholder relationships to create a competitive advantage and outperform its competitors Stakeholders are individuals and groups who can affect, and are affected by, the strategic outcomes achieved and who have enforceable claims on a firm’s performance Must minimally meet the expectations of each stakeholder group AAR make this easier to do 3 Major Stakeholder Groups

19. http://vustudents.ning.com/19 The Three Stakeholder Groups

20. http://vustudents.ning.com/20 Strategic Leaders People (primarily managers) located in different parts of the firm using the strategic management process to help the firm reach its vision and mission Decisive and committed to firms’ efforts to achieve their desired strategic outcomes Create and sustain organizational culture Can exist at different organizational levels Corporate, business, functional, operating

21. http://vustudents.ning.com/21 Strategic Leaders The Work of Effective Strategic Leaders Work long hours Must be able to think strategically ”think seriously and deeply…about the purposes of the organizations they head or functions they perform, about strategies, tactics,…..and people…and about the important questions … they need to ask.” Set ethical tone for organization Try to predict the outcomes of their strategic decisions before they are implemented Involved in internal and external analyses and strategy formulation and implementation

22. http://vustudents.ning.com/22 The Strategic Management Process

23. http://vustudents.ning.com/23 What is Performance? Performance is central to the study and practice of strategy Organizational performance is complicated Numerous definitions, approaches, and types of performance Can be an elusive concept Examples: Goal attainment - Vision/mission, objectives Effectiveness – A hospital curing sick people Quality – Customer service Efficiency - Inputs versus outputs Financial/accounting/economic Returns – ROA, EPS Can also vary by type of firm For-profit versus not-for-profit Publicly traded? Government

24. http://vustudents.ning.com/24 What is Performance? Normal Economic Performance Economic value generated is equal to owners expectations Below-Normal Economic Performance Economic value generated is less than owners expectations Above-Normal Economic Performance Economic value generated is greater than owners expectations

25. http://vustudents.ning.com/25 4 Major Approaches to Measuring Performance Firm Survival A firm that survives over a relatively extended period of time must be generating at least normal economic performance Strengths  Easy to use  If a firm’s operations are ongoing, the firm is surviving and thus generating at least normal economic value Weaknesses  When does a firm no longer exist?  Firm death can be protracted  No insights concerning above-normal performance

26. http://vustudents.ning.com/26 4 Major Approaches to Measuring Performance Multiple Stakeholders View An organization’s performance should be evaluated relative to the preferences and desires of stakeholders that provide resources to a firm Stakeholders include Customers, Labor, Unions, Management, Top Managers, Suppliers, Partners, Equity Holders, Society at Large, Environment, Communities, Government, Public Interest Groups Different stakeholders can have different interests and different criteria for evaluating performance May need to choose which stakeholders to satisfy Must minimally satisfy the interests of each stakeholder group

27. http://vustudents.ning.com/27 4 Major Approaches to Measuring Performance Simple Accounting Measures Most popular approach Publicly available for many firms They communicate a great deal of information Most often rely on ratio analysis 4 Major categories of ratios Profitability Liquidity Leverage Activity

28. http://vustudents.ning.com/28 4 Major Approaches to Measuring Performance Profitability Ratios Ratios with some measure of profit in the numerator and some measure of firm size or assets in the denominator ROA, ROE, margins, EPS, p/e ratio Liquidity Ratios Ratios that focus on the ability of a firm to meet its short–term financial obligations Current ratio, quick ratio

29. http://vustudents.ning.com/29 4 Major Approaches to Measuring Performance Leverage Ratios Ratios that focus on the level of a firm’s indebtedness Debt to assets, debt to equity, times interest earned Activity Ratios Ratios that focus on the level of activity in a firm’s business Inventory turnover, average collection period

30. http://vustudents.ning.com/30 4 Major Approaches to Measuring Performance Adjusted Accounting Measures Require the estimate of a firm’s expected performance and its actual performance Expected performance is reflected in a firm’s cost of capital Firms with returns less than the cost of capital will be unable to attract additional capital Firms with returns greater than cost of capital will be able to attract additional capital

31. http://vustudents.ning.com/31 The Relative Nature of Performance Performance is always relative to other firms Performance should be compared to industry average(s) AAR are above industry average Industry adjustments Some industries are more profitable than others Can adjust for industry performance and compare performance levels across industries Can also adjust for risk Looking at trends can also be useful From earlier I/O Model - Pick attractive industry(ies) to compete in Resource-Based Model - Develop unique bundles of resources and capabilities