1. The UNIVERSITY of NORTH CAROLINA at CHAPEL HILL Chapter 2. Foundations of Probability Section 2.2. Sample Space and Events Jiaping Wang Department of Mathematical Science 01/14/2013, Monday

2. The UNIVERSITY of NORTH CAROLINA at CHAPEL HILL Outline Syllabus Randomness Sample Space and Events Event Operator and Venn Diagram

3. The UNIVERSITY of NORTH CAROLINA at CHAPEL HILL Part 1. Syllabus

4. The UNIVERSITY of NORTH CAROLINA at CHAPEL HILL Syllabus: Part I

5. The UNIVERSITY of NORTH CAROLINA at CHAPEL HILL Syllabus: Part II

6. The UNIVERSITY of NORTH CAROLINA at CHAPEL HILL Syllabus: Part III

7. The UNIVERSITY of NORTH CAROLINA at CHAPEL HILL Part 2. Part 2. Randomness

8. The UNIVERSITY of NORTH CAROLINA at CHAPEL HILL Randomness around us

9. The UNIVERSITY of NORTH CAROLINA at CHAPEL HILL Part 3. Part 3. Sample Space and Events

10. The UNIVERSITY of NORTH CAROLINA at CHAPEL HILL Flip a coin: {Head, Tail} Flip a coin: {Head, Tail} Sample Space Mutually Exclusive means the outcomes of the set do not overlap. Exhaustive means the list contains all possible outcomes. Definition 2.1 A sample space S is a set that includes all possible outcomes for a random experiment listed in a mutually exclusive and exhaustive way. Roll a die: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} Roll a die: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} President Election: {Tom, Jerry} President Election: {Tom, Jerry} Measuring your height: {X|X>0} Measuring your height: {X|X>0} Final Grades: {X|0<=X<=100} Final Grades: {X|0<=X<=100} Letter Grades: {A, B, C, D, F} Letter Grades: {A, B, C, D, F} Roll two dice : (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6), (3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6), (4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6), (5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6), (6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6) Roll two dice : (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6), (3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6), (4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6), (5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6), (6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)

11. The UNIVERSITY of NORTH CAROLINA at CHAPEL HILL For example, if we have a sample space S={1,2,3}, then the possible events are Φ, {1}, {2}, {3}, {1,2}, {1,3}, {2,3}, S where we can say Φ is the impossible Event or null event and S is called sure event. Definition 2.2: An event is any subset of a sample space. Events In an experiment, we are interested in a particular outcome or a subset of outcomes. If a sample space has n elements, then there are 2 n possible subsets. For a die-rolling experiment, S={1,2,3,4,5,6}, A is the event of “ an even number”: A={2,4,6} B is the event of “an odd number”: B={1,3,5} C is the event of “greater than or equal to 5”: C={ 5, 6} D is the event of “less than 1”: D= Φ

12. The UNIVERSITY of NORTH CAROLINA at CHAPEL HILL Part 4. Event Relations and Venn Diagram

13. The UNIVERSITY of NORTH CAROLINA at CHAPEL HILL The white area in S is the complement of AUBUC, denoted as AUBUC For sample space S, there are events A, B, and C, then the new events D=A∩C, E=B∩C, F=A ∩B, G=A∩B∩C Here G is a subset of either D, E, or F. For sample space S, there are events A, B, and C, then the new events D=A∩C, E=B∩C, F=A ∩B, G=A∩B∩C Here G is a subset of either D, E, or F. Event Operators and Venn Diagram There are three operators between events: Intersection: ∩ --- A∩B or AB – a new event consisting of common elements from A and B Union: U --- AUB – a new event consisting of all outcomes from A or B. Complement: ¯, A, -- a subset of all outcomes in S that are not in A. There are three operators between events: Intersection: ∩ --- A∩B or AB – a new event consisting of common elements from A and B Union: U --- AUB – a new event consisting of all outcomes from A or B. Complement: ¯, A, -- a subset of all outcomes in S that are not in A.

14. The UNIVERSITY of NORTH CAROLINA at CHAPEL HILL AUB Event Operators and Venn Diagram (Cont.) A∩B A A S S S Additional Operators Relative Complement B\A=A∩ B Relative Complement B\A=A∩ B Symmetric Difference A∆B=(A\B) U (B\A) Symmetric Difference A∆B=(A\B) U (B\A)

15. The UNIVERSITY of NORTH CAROLINA at CHAPEL HILL Some Laws Commutative laws: Associate laws: Distributive laws: DeMorgan’s laws:

16. The UNIVERSITY of NORTH CAROLINA at CHAPEL HILL An Example If we have a sample space S={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, there are two events A={1, 2, 5}, B={2, 3, 4}, then A U B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}A ∩ B = {2} B = {1, 5, 6} B\A = { 3, 4} A ∩ B = {6} A = {3, 4, 6} A \B = {1, 5} A ∆ B = {1, 3, 4, 5} A U B =S\(A UB)= {6}

17. The UNIVERSITY of NORTH CAROLINA at CHAPEL HILL Example 2.2 After a hurricane, 50% of the residents in a particular Florida county were without electricity, 47% were without water and 38% were without telephone service. Although 20% of the residents had all three utilities, 10% were without all three, 12% were without electricity and water but still had a working telephone, and 4% were without electricity and working telephone but still had water. A county resident is randomly selected and whether or not the person was without water, electricity or telephone service after the hurricane is recorded. Express each of the following events in set notation and find the percentage of county residents represented by each. Q1: The selected county resident was without electricity only but had water and telephone service. Q2: The selected county resident was without only one of the utilities but had the other two. Q3: The selected county resident was without exactly two of the utilities. Q4: The selected county resident was without at least one of the utilities.

18. The UNIVERSITY of NORTH CAROLINA at CHAPEL HILL Solutions Sample Space: S={all residents in the particular Florida county} Determine the events based on the utilities: A={residents with electricity}, B={residents with water}, C={residents with phone service} Find useful information: A has 50%, B has 53% and C has 62%, A∩B∩C has 20%, AUBUC has 10%, A ∩ B ∩ C has 12%, A ∩ C ∩B has 4%. Q1: (B∩C)\A= B∩C∩A = A – AUBUC - A ∩ B ∩ C - A ∩ C ∩B has 24% Q2: (A∩B∩ C) U (A∩B∩ C) U (A∩B∩ C) has 24%+6%+5%=35% Q3: (A∩B∩ C) U (A∩B∩ C) U (A∩B∩ C) has 19%+12%+4%=35% Q4: AUBUC = A∩B∩C has 1-20%=80%