1. Unit 12: Abnormal Psychology

2. Unit Overview Perspectives on Psychological Disorders Anxiety Disorders Somatoform Disorders Dissociative Disorders Mood Disorders Schizophrenia Personality Disorders Rates of Disorder

3. Defining Psychological Disorders Psychological disorders Definition varies by context/culture Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

4. History of ‘treatment’

5. Understanding Psychological Disorders The Medical Model Philippe Pinel –Reformer Medical model –Mental illness (psychopathology)

6. Understanding Psychological Disorders The Biopsychosocial Approach Interaction of nature and nurture Influence of culture on disorders

7. Suppose, without your knowledge, just before you came to class today, someone put a drug into your drink that soon will make you behave as though you were psychotic. This afternoon, a classmate finds you wandering the halls muttering nonsense and takes you to the Principals’ office. The Principal notifies your parents of your “illness” and they send you to a psychiatric clinic where you fill out a questionnaire that asks about events n your past that night have caused your “breakdown.” Take some time now to consider this. Can you remember happenings in your own life that might explain your “psychopathological “ condition?

8. Classifying Psychological Disorders Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) –DSM-IV-TRDSM-IV-TR –DSM-5 International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) Criticisms of the DSM

9. Classifying Psychological Disorders

12. The Biopsychosocial Approach to Psychological Disorders

13. Labeling Psychological Disorders Rosenhan’s study Power of labels –Preconception can stigmatize Insanity label Stereotypes of the mentally ill Self-fulfilling prophecy

14. Anxiety Disorders

15. Anxiety disorders –Generalized anxiety disorderGeneralized anxiety disorder –Panic disorderPanic disorder –PhobiaPhobia –Obsessive-compulsive disorderObsessive-compulsive disorder –Post-traumatic stress disorderPost-traumatic stress disorder

16. Generalized Anxiety Disorder Generalized anxiety disorder –Free floating anxiety –DSM-IV-TR criteriaDSM-IV-TR criteria

17. Panic Disorder Panic disorder –Panic attacks Panic Disorder: Stories of Hope

18. Phobias –Specific phobia –Social phobia –Agoraphobia

19. Phobias

20. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder –An obsession versus a compulsion –CheckersHowieHowie –Hand washers

21. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

22. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder –PTSD Post-traumatic growth Soldier’s Heart

23. Understanding Anxiety Disorders The Learning Perspective Fear conditioning –Stimulus generalization –Reinforcement Observational learning

24. Understanding Anxiety Disorders The Biological Perspective Natural selection Genes The Brain

25. Somatoform Disorders

26. Somatoform Disorder Somatoform disorder –Somatic (body) –Conversion disorderConversion disorder –HypochondriasisHypochondriasis

27. Dissociative Disorders

28. Dissociative disorders

29. Dissociative Identity Disorder Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

30. Understanding Dissociative Identity Disorder Genuine disorder or not? DID rates Therapist’s creation Differences are too great DID and other disorders

31. Mood Disorders

32. Mood disorders –Major depressive disorderMajor depressive disorder –Bipolar disorderBipolar disorder

33. Major Depressive Disorder Major depressive disorder

34. Major Depressive Disorder

35. Bipolar Disorder –Mania (manic)Mania –Bipolar disorder and creativity

36. Understanding Mood Disorders Many behavioral and cognitive changes accompany depression Depression is widespread Compared with men, women are nearly twice as vulnerable to major depression Most major depressive episodes self-terminate Stressful events related to work, marriage and close relationships often precede depression With each new generation, depression is striking earlier and affecting more people

37. Understanding Mood Disorders

38. Understanding Mood Disorders The Biological Perspective Genetic Influences The depressed brain Biochemical influences

39. Understanding Mood Disorders The Biological Perspective

40. Understanding Mood Disorders The Social-Cognitive Perspective Negative Thoughts and Moods Interact –Self-defeating beliefs –Explanatory style –Cause versus indictor of depression?

41. Understanding Mood Disorders Explanatory Style

42. Understanding Mood Disorders The Social-Cognitive Perspective Depression’s Vicious Cycle

43. Understanding Mood Disorders The Vicious Cycle of Depression

44. Biopsychosocial Approach to Depression

45. Schizophrenia

46. Symptoms of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia (split mind)Schizophrenia –Not multiple personalities

47. Symptoms of Schizophrenia Disorganized Thinking Disorganized thinking –DelusionsDelusions –Breakdown in selective attention

48. Symptoms of Schizophrenia Disturbed Perceptions Disturbed perceptions –Hallucinations

49. Symptoms of Schizophrenia Inappropriate Emotions and Actions Inappropriate Emotions Inappropriate Actions

50. Types of Schizophrenia

51. Onset and Development Statistics on schizophrenia Onset of the disease Positive versus negative symptoms Chronic (process) schizophrenia Acute (reactive) schizophrenia

52. Understanding Schizophrenia Brain Abnormalities Dopamine Overactivity –Dopamine – D4 dopamine receptor –Dopamine blocking drugs Glutamate

53. Understanding Schizophrenia Brain Abnormalities Abnormal Brain Activity and Anatomy –Frontal lobe and core brain activity –Fluid filled areas of the brain

54. Understanding Schizophrenia Brain Abnormalities Maternal Virus During Pregnancy –Studies on maternal activity and schizophrenia –Influence of the flu during pregnancy

55. Understanding Schizophrenia Genetic Factors Genetic predisposition Twin studies Genetics and environmental influences

56. Understanding Schizophrenia Psychological Factors Possible warning signs –Mother severely schizophrenic –Birth complications (low weight/oxygen deprivation) –Separation from parents –Short attention span –Poor muscle coordination –Disruptive or withdrawn behavior –Emotional unpredictability –Poor peer relations and solo play

57. Personality Disorders

58. Personality disorders –Anxiety cluster –Eccentric cluster –Dramatic/impulsive cluster

59. Antisocial Personality Disorder Antisocial personality disorder –Sociopath or psychopath Understanding antisocial personality disorder

60. Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) pervasive instability: – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdPuSnP8YY8 &feature=fvwrel http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdPuSnP8YY8 &feature=fvwrel

61. Dependent personality http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hO6kaMi UrOg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hO6kaMi UrOg

62. Paranoid personality

63. Narcissistic personality http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FFgoGtt7 wu4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FFgoGtt7 wu4

64. Histrionic personality

65. Passive-aggressive personality

66. Rates of Disorder

67. Mental health statistics Influence of poverty Other factors

68. The End

69. Definition Slides

70. Psychological Disorder = deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.

71. Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) = a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms; extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

72. Medical Model = the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured often through treatment in a hospital.

73. DSM-IV-TR = the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, updated as of 2000 “text revision”; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

74. Anxiety Disorders = psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

75. Generalized Anxiety Disorder = an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

76. Panic Disorder = an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

77. Phobia = an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.

78. Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD) = an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).

79. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) = an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.

80. Post-traumatic Growth = positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises.

81. Somatoform Disorder = psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause.

82. Conversion Disorder = a rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no psychological basis can be found.

83. Hypochondriasis = a somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of the disease.

84. Dissociative Disorders = disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.

85. Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) = a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder.

86. Mood Disorders = psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes.

87. Major Depressive Disorder = a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.

88. Mania = a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.

89. Bipolar Disorder = a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (formerly called manic- depressive disorder.)

90. Schizophrenia = a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions.

91. Delusions = false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

92. Antisocial Personality Disorder = a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

93. Personality Disorders = psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.