3. Muhammad and His Message Born 570 to merchant family in MeccaBorn 570 to merchant family in Mecca Orphaned as a childOrphaned as a child Marries wealthy widow c. 595, works as merchantMarries wealthy widow c. 595, works as merchant Familiarity with paganism, Christianity and Judaism as practiced in Arabian peninsulaFamiliarity with paganism, Christianity and Judaism as practiced in Arabian peninsula

4. Muhammad’s Spiritual Transformation Visions c. 610 CEVisions c. 610 CE Archangel GabrielArchangel Gabriel Monotheism – AllahMonotheism – Allah Attracts followers to MeccaAttracts followers to Mecca

6. Islam  An Abrahamic Religion  Muslims are strict monotheists.  They believe in the Judeo- Christian God, which they call Allah.  Muslims believe that the Torah and the Bible, like the Qur’an, is the word of God. Peoples of the Book

7. Abraham’s Genealogy ABRAHAM SARAH HAGAR Isaac Esau Jacob 12 Tribes of Israel Ishmael 12 Arabian Tribes

8. The Prophetic Tradition (25 In All) Adam Noah Abraham Moses Jesus Muhammad

9. The Quran Record of revelations received during visionsRecord of revelations received during visions Committed to writing c. 650 CE (Muhammad dies 632)Committed to writing c. 650 CE (Muhammad dies 632) Tradition of Muhammad ’ s life: hadithTradition of Muhammad ’ s life: hadith

10. The Qur’an  Muslims believe it contains the word of God.  114 suras (chapters).  In the name of Allah, the compassionate, the merciful.  Written in Arabic.

11. Conflict at Mecca Muhammad ’ s monotheistic teachings offensive to polytheistic pagansMuhammad ’ s monotheistic teachings offensive to polytheistic pagans Economic threat to existing religious industryEconomic threat to existing religious industry Denunciation of greed affront to local aristocracyDenunciation of greed affront to local aristocracy

12. The Hijra Muhammad flees to Yathrib (Medina) 622 CEMuhammad flees to Yathrib (Medina) 622 CE –Year 0 in Muslim calendar Organizes followers into communal society (the umma)Organizes followers into communal society (the umma) Legal, spiritual codeLegal, spiritual code Commerce, raids on Meccan caravans for sake of ummaCommerce, raids on Meccan caravans for sake of umma

13. Muhammad’s Return to Mecca Attack on Mecca, 630Attack on Mecca, 630 Conversion of Mecca to IslamConversion of Mecca to Islam Destruction of pagan sites, replaced with mosquesDestruction of pagan sites, replaced with mosques –Ka ’ aba preserved in honor of importance of Mecca –Approved as pilgrimage site –Covered in kiswah (“robe”) annually

14. The Ka’aba

16. 1. The Shahada 1 1  The testimony.  The declaration of faith: There is no god worthy of worship except God, and Muhammad is His Messenger [or Prophet]. There is no god worthy of worship except God, and Muhammad is His Messenger [or Prophet].

17. 2. The Salat 2 2  The mandatory prayers performed 5 times a day: * dawn * noon * late afternoon * sunset * before going to bed  Wash before praying.  Face Mecca and use a prayer rug.

18. 2. The Salat 2 2  The call to prayer by the muezzin in the minaret.  Pray in the mosque on Friday.

19. 3. The Zakat 3 3  Alms giving (charitable donations).  Muslims believe that all things belong to God.  Zakat means both “purification” and “growth.”  About 2.5% of your income.

20. 4. The Sawm 4 4  Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan.  Considered a method of self- purification.  No eating or drinking from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan.

21. 5. The Hajj 5 5  The pilgrimage to Mecca.  Must be done at least once in a Muslim’s lifetime.  2-3 million Muslims make the pilgrimage every year.

22. 5. The Hajj 5 5  Those who complete the pilgrimage can add the title hajji to their name.

23. Jihad “ struggle ”“ struggle ” –Against vice –Against ignorance of Islam “ holy war ”“ holy war ” –Against unbelievers who threaten Islam

24. The Dome of the Rock Mosque in Jerusalem Mount Moriah Rock where Muhammad ascended into heaven.

25. Islamic Law: The Sharia Codification of Islamic lawCodification of Islamic law Based on Quran, hadith, logical schools of analysisBased on Quran, hadith, logical schools of analysis Extends beyond ritual law to all areas of human activityExtends beyond ritual law to all areas of human activity

26. Other Islamic Religious Practices  Up to four wives allowed at once.  No alcohol or pork.  No gambling.  Three holiest cities in Islam: * Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem.

27. The Caliph No clear to successor to Muhammad identifiedNo clear to successor to Muhammad identified Abu Bakr chosen to lead as CaliphAbu Bakr chosen to lead as Caliph Led war against villagers who abandoned Islam after death of MuhammadLed war against villagers who abandoned Islam after death of Muhammad

28. The Spread of Islam  Easy to learn and practice.  No priesthood.  Teaches equality.  Non-Muslims, who were “Peoples of the Book,” were allowed religious freedom, but paid additional taxes.  Easily “portable”  nomads & trade routes.  Jihad (“Holy War”) against pagans and other non-believers (“infidels”).

29. The Spread of Islam Great warriors with a strong cavalry.Great warriors with a strong cavalry. Byzantines and Persians weak from fighting each other.Byzantines and Persians weak from fighting each other. Unity in Islam, strengthened by the Sharia, coupled with fair treatment of conquered people, was inviting to many in defeated empires who desired more freedom and cohesiveness.Unity in Islam, strengthened by the Sharia, coupled with fair treatment of conquered people, was inviting to many in defeated empires who desired more freedom and cohesiveness. Difficulties governing rapidly expanding territoryDifficulties governing rapidly expanding territory

30. The Expansion of Islam, 632 – 733 CE

31. Muslims in the World Today

33. Countries with the Largest Muslim Population 1.Indonesia183,000,0006.Iran62,000,000 2.Pakistan134,000,0007.Egypt59,000,000 3.India121,000,0008.Nigeria53,000,000 4.Bangladesh114,000,0009.Algeria31,000,000 5.Turkey66,000,00010.Morocco29,000,000 * Arabs make up only 20% of the total Muslim population of the world.

37. Successors To The Prophet After the death of Muhammad, the caliph, or successor to the prophet was chosen. Abu Bakr was nominated as the first caliph. Abu Bakr would lead the first caliphate, known as the Rashidun or Patriarchal Caliphate. The choice of Abu Bakr caused significant dispute as many believed that Muhammad had chosen Alī ibn Abī Tālib, the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad to succeed him. Served as caliph 656-661 CE, then assassinated along with most of his followers

39. Successors To The Prophet Abu Bakr was followed by three more caliphs, the last of which wasAbu Bakr was followed by three more caliphs, the last of which was Alī ibn Abī Tālib. It is with his succession that a division in Islam became more defined. Sunni Muslims believe that Ali was the fourth caliph, a position chosen based on ability to lead. The Shi’a (Shiites) believe that Ali is the first Imam, and that only blood descendants of Muhammad can lead the Muslim people.

40. Major Muslim Empires Rashidun Caliphate (622-661)Rashidun Caliphate (622-661) Umayyad Caliphate (661-750) -Umayyad Caliphate (661-750) - –Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba in Islamic Spain (929-1031) Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258) -Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258) - Fatimid Caliphate (910-1171)Fatimid Caliphate (910-1171) Mamluk Caliphate (1250-1517)Mamluk Caliphate (1250-1517) The Ottoman Caliphate (1517- 1924)The Ottoman Caliphate (1517- 1924)

41. Shi’ite Pilgrims at Karbala

42. The Umayyad Dynasty (661-750 CE) From Meccan merchant classFrom Meccan merchant class Brought stability to the Islamic communityBrought stability to the Islamic community Capital: Damascus, SyriaCapital: Damascus, Syria Associated with Arab military aristocracyAssociated with Arab military aristocracy

43. Policy toward Conquered Peoples Favoritism of Arab military rulers causes discontentFavoritism of Arab military rulers causes discontent Limited social mobility for non-Arab MuslimsLimited social mobility for non-Arab Muslims Head tax (jizya) on non-MuslimsHead tax (jizya) on non-Muslims Umayyad luxurious living causes further decline in moral authorityUmayyad luxurious living causes further decline in moral authority

44. The Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258 CE) Abu al-Abbas Sunni Arab, allied with Shia, non-Arab MuslimsAbu al-Abbas Sunni Arab, allied with Shia, non-Arab Muslims Seizes control of Persia and MesopotamiaSeizes control of Persia and Mesopotamia Defeats Umayyad army in 750Defeats Umayyad army in 750 –Invited Umayyads to banquet, then massacred them

45. Nature of the Abbasid Dynasty Diverse nature of administration (i.e. not exclusively Arab)Diverse nature of administration (i.e. not exclusively Arab) Militarily competent, but not bent on imperial expansionMilitarily competent, but not bent on imperial expansion Content to administer the empire inheritedContent to administer the empire inherited Dar al-IslamDar al-Islam Growth through military activity of autonomous Islamic forcesGrowth through military activity of autonomous Islamic forces

46. Abbasid Administration Persian influencePersian influence Court at BaghdadCourt at Baghdad Influence of Islamic scholarsInfluence of Islamic scholars Ulama and qadis sought to develop policy based on the Quran and shariaUlama and qadis sought to develop policy based on the Quran and sharia

47. Caliph Harun al-Rashid (786-809 CE) High point of Abbasid dynastyHigh point of Abbasid dynasty Baghdad center of commerceBaghdad center of commerce Great cultural activityGreat cultural activity

48. Abbasid Decline Civil war between sons of Harun al- RashidCivil war between sons of Harun al- Rashid Provincial governors assert regional independenceProvincial governors assert regional independence Dissenting sects, heretical movementsDissenting sects, heretical movements Abbasid caliphs become puppets of Persian nobilityAbbasid caliphs become puppets of Persian nobility Later, Saljuq Turks influence, Sultan real power behind the throneLater, Saljuq Turks influence, Sultan real power behind the throne

49. Economy of the Early Islamic World Spread of food and industrial cropsSpread of food and industrial crops –Trade routes from India to Spain Western diet adapts to wide varietyWestern diet adapts to wide variety New crops adapted to different growing seasonsNew crops adapted to different growing seasons –Agricultural sciences develop –Cotton, paper industries develop Major cities emergeMajor cities emerge

50. Formation of a Hemispheric Trading Zone Historical precedent of Arabic tradeHistorical precedent of Arabic trade Dar al-Islam encompasses silk routesDar al-Islam encompasses silk routes –ice exported from Syria to Egypt in summer, 10 th century Camel caravansCamel caravans Maritime tradeMaritime trade

51. Banking and Trade Scale of trade causes banks to developScale of trade causes banks to develop –Sakk ( “ check ” ) Uniformity of Islamic law throughout dar al-Islam promotes tradeUniformity of Islamic law throughout dar al-Islam promotes trade Joint ventures commonJoint ventures common

52. Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain) Muslim Berber conquerors from North Africa take Spain, early 8 th c.Muslim Berber conquerors from North Africa take Spain, early 8 th c. Allied to Umayyads, refused to recognize Abbasid dynastyAllied to Umayyads, refused to recognize Abbasid dynasty –Formed own caliphate –Tensions, but interrelationship

53. Changing Status of Women Quran improves status of womenQuran improves status of women –Outlawed female infanticide –Brides, not husbands, claim dowries Yet male dominance preservedYet male dominance preserved –Patrilineal descent –Polygamy permitted, Polyandry forbidden –Veil adopted from ancient Mesopotamian practice

54. Formation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition Islamic valuesIslamic values –Uniformity of Islamic law in dar al-Islam –Establishment of madrasas –Importance of the Hajj Sufi missionariesSufi missionaries –Asceticism, mysticism –Some tension with orthodox Islamic theologians –Wide popularity

55. Al-Ghazali (1058-1111) Major Sufi thinker from PersiaMajor Sufi thinker from Persia Impossibility of intellectual apprehension of Allah, devotion, mystical ecstasy insteadImpossibility of intellectual apprehension of Allah, devotion, mystical ecstasy instead

56. Cultural influences on Islam PersiaPersia –Administration and governance –literature IndiaIndia –Mathematics, science, medicine “ Hindi ” numbers“ Hindi ” numbers GreeceGreece –Philosophy, esp. Aristotle –Ibn Rushd/Averroes (1126-1198)

58. Muslims in America

59. Muslim Culture in NYC The Islamic Center, New York City

60. Islam’s Golden Age Islam’s golden age peaked under the Abbasids, during which Muslims absorbed the customs and traditions of the many diverse people they ruled.Islam’s golden age peaked under the Abbasids, during which Muslims absorbed the customs and traditions of the many diverse people they ruled. The emphasis on learning, which was taught by Muhammad, was reinforced by a flourishing economy based on trade.The emphasis on learning, which was taught by Muhammad, was reinforced by a flourishing economy based on trade.

61. Art & Architecture Mosques & PalacesMosques & Palaces –Byzantine domes and arches –Abstract & geometric patterns CalligraphyCalligraphy –Often verses from the Quran Drawings & PaintingsDrawings & Paintings

62. Literature & Philosophy PoetryPoetry –Much based upon themes of the Quran Preservation of Greco-Roman scholarsPreservation of Greco-Roman scholars TalesTales –Most famous is The Thousand and One Nights PhilosophyPhilosophy

63. Mathematics & Science Algebra –B–B–B–Based upon Indian & Greek advancements, the Muslims pioneered algebra Astronomy –O–O–O–Observed the Earth’s rotation –C–C–C–Calculated the circumference of the earth within a few thousand feet Medicine –D–D–D–Doctors had to pass rigorous tests –H–H–H–Hospitals set up –S–S–S–Studied diseases and wrote medical encyclopedias that became standard texts in Europe

64. Economics AgricultureAgriculture TradeTrade –Cultural diffusion –Partnerships, credit, banks ManufacturingManufacturing –Guilds regulated prices, weights & measurements –Specialized in steel, leather & carpets