1. Decolonization Review

2. Similarities  Failure of nationalist movements to build mass support  Role of political concessions  Role of government massacre  Colonizers’ use of soldiers & resources during WWI & WWII foster independence movements  WWI & WWII: aid growth of industry  French colonies – tended to be more violent

3. India  Amritsar Massacre  Gandhi during interwar years  Added religious component  Pioneered civil disobedience  Nationalism amidst diversity sparked counter Muslim League  Partition  Secular, democratic India w/ uneven growth  Nehru – attempted to balance democracy & socialist economic policies  Muslim Pakistan w/ lingering issues

4. Ghana  Later nationalism  Often led by veterans  Racial dynamic  Kwame Nkrumah  Personalist, populist leader  Industrialization & development undermined by volatility of export markets

5. Algeria  Complicated by white settlers  Guerilla campaign & violent French response  Settlers leave

6. Vietnam  Very similar to China  Nationalist party fought French unsuccessfully during interwar years, which led to interest in communism  Communists & Ho Chi Minh defeated France after WWII, which prompted U.S. involvement  Northern Communists eventually victorious, which unifies Vietnam under communism

7. South Africa  Gained independence in 1910, but with minority, white/settler rule  Boers/Afrikaners (Dutch settlers) gradually impose racist voting restrictions until 1948, when full apartheid legislation passed  Extreme segregation – “homelands”  ANC & Mandela – peaceful & guerilla resistance  Sharpesville Massacre, Soweto riots  International pressure results in apartheid ending in 1994. Mandela elected.

8. Latin America  Neo-Colonialism  Economic growth at close of 19 th c, but based on raw materials & cash crops -> foreign dependence  Follows global trends  Mexico  Revolution toppled Diaz. Peasant reforms & one-party democracy (PRI) result  Interwar Years = extreme ideas  Early Cold War: Communism  Guatemala  Cuba – economic problems, social gains  Late Cold War: Military rule -> democracy