2. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 OBJECTIVES After studying Chapter 15, the reader should be able to: 1.Prepare for ASE Electrical/Electronic Systems (A6) certification test content area (General Electrical/Electronic Systems Diagnosis). 2.Explain the purpose and function of onboard computers. 3.List the various parts of an automotive computer. 4.List five input sensors. 5.List four devices controlled by the computer (output devices).

3. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 COMPUTER CONTROL Modern automotive control systems consist of a network of electronic sensors, actuators, and computer modules designed to regulate the power train and vehicle support systems. A computer processes the input voltage signals it receives by computing what they represent, and then delivering the data in computed or processed form.

4. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 THE FOUR BASIC COMPUTER FUNCTIONS FIGURE 15-1 All computer systems perform four basic functions: input, processing, storage, and output.

5. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 THE FOUR BASIC COMPUTER FUNCTIONS Input –A signal from a device that can be as simple as a button or a switch on an instrument panel, or a sensor on an automotive engine. FIGURE 15-2 A potentiometer uses a movable contact to vary resistance and send an analog signal.

6. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 THE FOUR BASIC COMPUTER FUNCTIONS Processing –The term used to describe how input voltage signals received by a computer are handled through a series of electronic logic circuits maintained in its programmed instructions.

7. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 THE FOUR BASIC COMPUTER FUNCTIONS Storage –The place where the program instructions for a computer are stored in electronic memory.

8. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 THE FOUR BASIC COMPUTER FUNCTIONS Output –After the computer has processed the input signals, it sends voltage signals or commands to other devices in the system,

9. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 DIGITAL COMPUTERS The digital computer can process thousands of digital signals per second because its circuits are able to switch voltage signals on and off in billionths of a second. The voltage signal or processing function is a simple high-low, yes-no, on-off signal. FIGURE 15-3 Many electronic components are used to construct a typical vehicle computer. Notice all of the chips, resistors, and capacitors that are used in this General Motors computer.

10. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 DIGITAL COMPUTERS Parts of a Computer Central Processing Unit (CPU) –The CPU can be considered the heart of a computer because it performs the essential mathematical operations and logic decisions that make up its processing function. Computer Memory –Other IC devices store the computer operating program, system sensor input data, and system actuator output data information that is necessary for CPU operation.

11. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 DIGITAL COMPUTERS Computer Programs FIGURE 15-4 This typical ignition timing map was developed from testing and used by the vehicle computer to provide the optimum ignition timing for all engine speeds and load combinations. FIGURE 15-5 A replaceable PROM used in a General Motors computer. Notice that the sealed access panel has been removed to gain access.

12. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 DIGITAL COMPUTERS Clock Rates and Timing The microprocessor communicates by transmitting long strings of 0s and 1s in a language called binary code FIGURE 15-6 The clock generator produces a series of pulses that are used by the microprocessor and other components to stay in step with each other at a steady rate.

13. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 DIGITAL COMPUTERS Computer Speeds The speed at which a computer operates is specified by the cycle time, or clock speed, required to perform certain measurements.

14. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 DIGITAL COMPUTERS Baud Rate The computer transmits bits of a serial data stream at precise intervals. The computer speed is called the baud rate, or bits per second.

15. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 DIGITAL COMPUTERS Control Module Locations The onboard automotive computer maybe called an electronic control unit (ECU), electronic control module (ECM), electronic control assembly(ECA), or a controller, depending on the manufacturer and the computer application.

16. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 DIGITAL COMPUTERS Control Module Locations FIGURE 15-7 This powertrain control module (PCM) is located under the hood on this Chevrolet pickup truck. FIGURE 15-8 This PCM on a DaimlerChrysler vehicle can only be seen by hoisting the vehicle. It is located next to the radiator and in the airflow to help keep it cool.

17. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 COMPUTER INPUT SENSORS Engine speed (RPM) sensor. This signal comes from the primary signal in the ignition module.

18. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 COMPUTER INPUT SENSORS MAP (manifold absolute pressure) sensor. This sensor detects engine load. The computer uses this information for fuel delivery and for onboard diagnosis of other sensors and systems such as the exhaust gas recirculation(EGR) system.

19. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 COMPUTER INPUT SENSORS MAF (mass airflow) sensor. This sensor measures the mass (weight and density) of the air entering the engine. The computer uses this information to determine the amount of fuel needed by the engine.

20. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 COMPUTER INPUT SENSORS ECT (engine coolant temperature) sensor. This sensor measures the temperature of the engine coolant needed by the computer to determine the amount of fuel and spark advance. This is a major sensor, especially when the engine is cold and when the engine is first started.

21. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 COMPUTER INPUT SENSORS O2S (oxygen sensor) This sensor measures the oxygen in the exhaust stream. These sensors are used for fuel control and to check other sensors and systems.

22. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 COMPUTER INPUT SENSORS TP (throttle position) sensor. This sensor measures the throttle opening and is used by the computer to control fuel delivery as well as spark advance and the shift points of the automotive transmission/transaxle.

23. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 COMPUTER INPUT SENSORS VS (vehicle speed) sensor. This sensor measures the vehicle speed using a sensor located at the output of the transmission/transaxle or by monitoring sensors at the wheel speed sensors.

24. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 COMPUTER OUTPUTS A vehicle computer can do only two things. –Turn a device on. –Turn a device off.

25. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 COMPUTER OUTPUTS Fuel injectors The computer can vary the amount of time the injectors are held open, thereby controlling the amount of fuel supplied to the engine.

26. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 COMPUTER OUTPUTS Ignition timing The computer can trigger the signal to the ignition module to fire the spark plugs based on information from the sensors. The spark is advanced when the engine is cold and/or when the engine is operating under light load conditions.

27. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 COMPUTER OUTPUTS Transmission shifting The computer provides a ground to the shift solenoids and torque converter clutch solenoid. The operation of the automatic transmission/transaxle is optimized based on vehicle sensor information.

28. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 COMPUTER OUTPUTS Idle speed control The computer can pulse the idle speed control (ISC) or idle air control (IAC) device to maintain engine idle speed and to provide an increased idle speed when needed, such as when the air conditioning system is operating.

29. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 COMPUTER OUTPUTS Evaporative emission control solenoids The computer can control the flow of gasoline fumes from the charcoal canister to the engine and seal off the system to perform a fuel system leak detection test as part of the OBD-II.

30. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 FUEL CONTROL SYSTEM OPERATING MODES A computer-controlled fuel metering system can be selective. Control logic programmed into the computer determines the choice of operating mode according to engine operating conditions.

31. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 SUMMARY 1.The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) standardJ-1930 specifies that the term power train control module(PCM) be used for the computer that controls the engine and transmission in a vehicle. 2.The four basic computer functions are input, processing,storage, and output. 3.Read-only memory (ROM) can be programmable (PROM),erasable (EPROM), or electrically erasable (EEPROM).

32. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 SUMMARY 4.Computer input sensors include engine speed (RPM),MAP, MAF, ECT, O2S, TP, and VS. 5.A computer can only turn a device on or turn a device off,but it can do either operation rapidly.

33. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 REVIEW QUESTIONS 1.What part of the vehicle computer is considered to be the brain? 2.What is the difference between volatile and nonvolatile RAM? 3.List four input sensors. 4.List four output devices.

34. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 CHAPTER QUIZ 1.What unit of electricity is used as a signal for a computer? a)Volt b)Ohm c)Ampere d)Watt

35. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 CHAPTER QUIZ 2.The four basic computer functions include _____. a)Writing, processing, printing, and remembering b)Input, processing, storage, and output c)Data gathering, processing, output, and evaluation d)Sensing, calculating, actuating, and processing

36. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 CHAPTER QUIZ 3.All OBD-II vehicles use what type of read- only memory? a)ROM b)PROM c)EPROM d)EEPROM

37. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 CHAPTER QUIZ 4.The brain of the computer is the _____. a)PROM b)RAM c)CPU d)AD converter

38. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 CHAPTER QUIZ 5.Computer speed is measured in _____. a)Baud rate b)Clock speed (Hz) c)Voltage d)Bytes

39. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 CHAPTER QUIZ 6.Which item is a computer input sensor? a)RPM b)Throttle position angle c)Engine coolant temperature d)All of the above

40. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 CHAPTER QUIZ 7.Which item is a computer output device? a)Fuel injector b)Transmission shift solenoid c)Evaporative emission control solenoid d)All of the above

41. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 CHAPTER QUIZ 8.The SAE term for the vehicle computer is _____. a)PCM b)ECM c)ECA d)Controller

42. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 CHAPTER QUIZ 9.What two things can a vehicle computer actually perform (output)? a)Store and process information b)Turn something on or turn something off c)Calculate and vary temperature d)Control fuel and timing only

43. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 CHAPTER QUIZ 10. Analog signals from sensors are changed to digital signals for processing by the computer through which type of circuit? a)Digital b)Analog c)AD converter d)PROM

44. Automotive Electricity and Electronics, 2/e By James D Halderman © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 END