1. POWER POINT PRESENTATION CSC 134 COMPUTER AND INFORMATION PROCESSING AFIEDA BINTI ABD JALIL (2013720777) FARAH ASHIKIN BINTI SHUKOR (2013996897) NOR ATIKAH BINTI ISMAIL (2013147707)

2. DOLLY ANIMAL CLONNING

3. 3.HOW THEY MADE DOLLY? 2.WHO IS DOLLY? 4.RISK OF CLONNING 5.ADVANTAGES 1.DEFINITION 6.DISADVANTAGES

4. 1. DEFINITION Cloning is a process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria, insect or plants reproduce asexually.

5. 2. WHO IS DOLLY??  In 1997 Dolly the sheep became the first vertebrate cloned from the cell of an adult animal. Not only was this a remarkable scientific breakthrough but it immediately gained interest and concern from around the world on the future of cloning technology as it would effect humans.

6. Dolly the sheep was successfully cloned in Britain in 1996 by the scientist “Ian Wilmut” and was put down in February 2003 after developing a lung infection and arthritis. Dolly was a genetic copy of the Finn Dorset ewe. Her birth, showed that nuclei from specialized adult cells can be reprogrammed into all the cells of an organism. The technique that led to Dolly is called somatic cell nuclear transfer and has remained essentially unchanged over the last decade.

7. 3. HOW THEY MADE DOLLY?? Embryo splitting - Artificially splitting a single embryo at a very early stage of development. In the natural process this would create twins. However, because this is done at an early stage and there are usually less than eight cells you can only make a few clones. Both the nuclear genes and mitochondria genes would be identical.

8. Nuclear replacement - Genetic material (nucleus from embryonic, fetal, or adult cell) is removed and placed into an unfertilized egg or embryo, whose nucleus has been removed. In this case the nuclear genes remain the same but the mitochondria DNA would be different. This has the potential to create the clone of an adult organism as well as many clones at once.

10. How do we know that Dolly is not the progeny of an unsuspected mating of the foster mother? She has a white face and the foster mother is a Scottish Blackface DNA fingerprinting reveals bands found in Finn Dorset sheep (the breed that supplied the mammary cells), not those of Scottish Blackface sheep DNA fingerprinting

11. 4. RISK OF CLONNING Reproductive cloning is expensive and highly inefficient. Cloned animals tend to have more compromised immune function and higher rates of infection, tumor growth, and other disorders. Genomes of cloned mice are compromised, 4% of genes function abnormally.

12. The abnormalities do not arise from mutations in the genes but from changes in the normal activation or expression of certain genes. A process called "imprinting" chemically marks the DNA from the mother and father so that only one copy of a gene (either the maternal or paternal gene) is turned on. Defects in the genetic imprint of DNA from a single donor cell may lead to some of the developmental abnormalities of cloned embryos.

13. 5. ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF ANIMAL CLONING Advantages of Animal Cloning There will be an endless supply of animals to clone, and we will never run out of food from animals, because we have been able to clone based on previous efforts, the most famous of these was the first ever cloning of an animal, Dolly the lamb which was a successful cloning where Dolly was a healthy lamb. Disadvantages of Animal Cloning Although the cloned animal will be identical. It will only possess about half the life span of the normal animal which has been cloned. An example is from the famous ‘Dolly’ previous mentioned which only lived for 6 years, whereas normal sheep can live up to about 10 years of age, so a great decrease in age.

14. One of the greatest breakthroughs of all time, cloning has been discovered, something which could be revolutionary if we use it to our advantage through continuing on with our research and studies into it, with discoveries that could change our lives forever. Many believe cloning is quite inhumane, especially that of religious and some governmental parties which don’t want to move forward with this research. They think life is just too precious to take away, even if it is a clone in which we are testing.