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Topics in Signal Processing Final Report Sujatha Gopalakrishnan 1001024145
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Basic Acronyms HEVC- High Efficiency Video Coding TU- Transform Unit PU- Prediction Unit CU- Coding Unit JCT-VC - Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding Tmuc – Test Model under Consideration HM- HEVC Test Model DCT- Discrete Cosine Transform MC- Motion Compensation SAO- Sample Adaptive Offset ME- Motion estimation SAP- Sample based Angular Intra-Prediction NLM- Non-Local Means
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HEVC High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) [1][2] is a Video Compression standard, a successor to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC [22]. HEVC is said to double the data compression ratio compared to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC [1] at the same level of video quality [2]. The design of most video coding standards is primarily aimed at having the highest coding efficiency. The main goal of the HEVC standardization effort is to enable significantly improved compression performance relative to existing standards, in the range of 50% bit rate reduction for equal perceptual video quality [10] [11].
![HEVC High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) [1][2] is a Video Compression standard, a successor to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC [22].](http://images.slideplayer.com/26/8710455/slides/slide_3.jpg "HEVC is said to double the data compression ratio compared to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC [1] at the same level of video quality [2]. The design of most video coding standards is primarily aimed at having the highest coding efficiency. The main goal of the HEVC standardization effort is to enable significantly improved compression performance relative to existing standards, in the range of 50% bit rate reduction for equal perceptual video quality [10] [11]..")
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Block Diagram HEVC Encoder Figure 1: HEVC Encoder [2]
![Block Diagram HEVC Encoder Figure 1: HEVC Encoder [2]](http://images.slideplayer.com/26/8710455/slides/slide_4.jpg "Block Diagram HEVC Encoder Figure 1: HEVC Encoder [2]")
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Block Diagram HEVC Decoder Figure 2: HEVC Decoder [3]
![Block Diagram HEVC Decoder Figure 2: HEVC Decoder [3]](http://images.slideplayer.com/26/8710455/slides/slide_5.jpg "Block Diagram HEVC Decoder Figure 2: HEVC Decoder [3]")
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HEVC Lossless Coding The lossless coding mode of HEVC main profile bypasses transform quantization and in-loop filters as shown in the fig.2 [4] [19]. Comparing it with non-lossless coding mode, it has smallest quantization parameter value. Lossless coding mode provides perfect fidelity and average bit rate reduction. Outperforms the existing lossless compression standards such as JPEG-2000 [22] and JPEG-LS [22]. It can prevent accumulation of quantization errors in repeated encoding and decoding operations of video editing
![HEVC Lossless Coding The lossless coding mode of HEVC main profile bypasses transform quantization and in-loop filters as shown in the fig.2 [4] [19].](http://images.slideplayer.com/26/8710455/slides/slide_6.jpg "Comparing it with non-lossless coding mode, it has smallest quantization parameter value. Lossless coding mode provides perfect fidelity and average bit rate reduction. Outperforms the existing lossless compression standards such as JPEG-2000 [22] and JPEG-LS [22]. It can prevent accumulation of quantization errors in repeated encoding and decoding operations of video editing.")
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In this method it is essential to preserve numerical video data with fewer bits. DCT coefficients i.e., float-point numbers have to be quantized instead of DCT. Lossless video coding is used when perfect preservation of video data is required [29]. It employs Sample Angular-based Intra-Prediction (SAP) [4]. Same prediction mode signaling method. Same interpolation method of HEVC. Uses adjacent neighbors as reference shown in fig.8. Prediction residuals are coded with the entropy coder in the spatial domain [29].
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Block Diagram HEVC Lossless Coding Figure 3: HEVC lossless Algorithm Block Diagram [4]
![Block Diagram HEVC Lossless Coding Figure 3: HEVC lossless Algorithm Block Diagram [4]](http://images.slideplayer.com/26/8710455/slides/slide_8.jpg "Block Diagram HEVC Lossless Coding Figure 3: HEVC lossless Algorithm Block Diagram [4]")
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Algorithm of Sample Based Angular Intra Prediction The SAP [4] is designed to better exploit the spatial redundancy in the lossless coding mode by generating intra prediction samples from adjacent neighbors. The design principle here is very similar to the sample-based DPCM in [21] [4] H.264/MPEG-4 AVC [20] [4] lossless coding, but SAP is fully harmonized with the HEVC block-based angular intra prediction, and can be applied to all the angular intra prediction modes specified in HEVC [4]. As shown in the fig.7 SAP is performed sample by sample. The adjacent neighboring samples, of the current sample in the current PU are used for prediction.
![Algorithm of Sample Based Angular Intra Prediction The SAP [4] is designed to better exploit the spatial redundancy in the lossless coding mode by generating intra prediction samples from adjacent neighbors.](http://images.slideplayer.com/26/8710455/slides/slide_9.jpg "The design principle here is very similar to the sample-based DPCM in [21] [4] H.264/MPEG-4 AVC [20] [4] lossless coding, but SAP is fully harmonized with the HEVC block-based angular intra prediction, and can be applied to all the angular intra prediction modes specified in HEVC [4]. As shown in the fig.7 SAP is performed sample by sample. The adjacent neighboring samples, of the current sample in the current PU are used for prediction..")
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SAP Algorithm Figure 4: Algorithm of SAP [4]
![SAP Algorithm Figure 4: Algorithm of SAP [4]](http://images.slideplayer.com/26/8710455/slides/slide_10.jpg "SAP Algorithm Figure 4: Algorithm of SAP [4]")
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DCT for HEVC lossless compression DCT is applied to prediction residuals. DCT coefficients are quantized. Quantized DCT coefficients and quantization error are coded. Coding of each unit is performed by adaptive quantization parameters. Improved HEVC lossless compression using Two-Stage coding Block of residual signal is separated into two parts: Part 1: Quantized DCT coefficients. Part 2: Quantization error. Quantized coefficients are used to reconstruct a lossy decoded block which is subtracted from the residual block. Quantization error is encoded as the spatial block.
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Figure 5: Two-stage lossless coding [30]
![Figure 5: Two-stage lossless coding [30]](http://images.slideplayer.com/26/8710455/slides/slide_12.jpg "Figure 5: Two-stage lossless coding [30]")
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Table 1: Coded block for two-stage coding [30] Table 2: Performance of two-stage coding [30]
![Table 1: Coded block for two-stage coding [30] Table 2: Performance of two-stage coding [30]](http://images.slideplayer.com/26/8710455/slides/slide_13.jpg "Table 1: Coded block for two-stage coding [30] Table 2: Performance of two-stage coding [30]")
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Pixel-based averaging predictor Lossless video compression of noisy video content can be improved if the noise within the video is considering the compression [32]. In HEVC lossless coding block-wise processing is not needed, pixel-wise prediction could be performed for better spatial correlation within the image or a video signal [31]. De-noised intra prediction scheme is used, where de-noising is performed by the predictor instead of removing the noise. Non-local means (NLM) algorithm is used for de-noising [33]. Pixel-wise prediction is the combination of linear predictors with exponentially decaying weights from NLM algorithm. Developed predictor results in a weighted average of surrounding pixels.
![Pixel-based averaging predictor Lossless video compression of noisy video content can be improved if the noise within the video is considering the compression [32].](http://images.slideplayer.com/26/8710455/slides/slide_14.jpg "In HEVC lossless coding block-wise processing is not needed, pixel-wise prediction could be performed for better spatial correlation within the image or a video signal [31]. De-noised intra prediction scheme is used, where de-noising is performed by the predictor instead of removing the noise. Non-local means (NLM) algorithm is used for de-noising [33]. Pixel-wise prediction is the combination of linear predictors with exponentially decaying weights from NLM algorithm. Developed predictor results in a weighted average of surrounding pixels..")
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Other non-local predictors e.g., forward adaptive scheme where intra-frame motion compensation is performed [34] [32] or a backward adaptive scheme where template matching is performed for prediction [35] [36] [32], are designed for block- wise lossy prediction in H.264/AVC and thus are not efficient for lossless compression. Figure 6: NLM algorithm for de-noising [32].
![Other non-local predictors e.g., forward adaptive scheme where intra-frame motion compensation is performed [34] [32] or a backward adaptive scheme where template matching is performed for prediction [35] [36] [32], are designed for block- wise lossy prediction in H.264/AVC and thus are not efficient for lossless compression.](http://images.slideplayer.com/26/8710455/slides/slide_15.jpg "Figure 6: NLM algorithm for de-noising [32]..")
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NLM Algorithm The Non-Local Means (NLM) [31] algorithm has been introduced in [32] for image de-noising. In NLM de-noising, the estimate for a de- noised version of a noisy pixel is established by averaging all the pixels in the local as well as non-local neighborhood. The process of NLM [31] de-noising is illustrated in Fig 9. In the illustrated ex- ample, the pixel g[i] should be de-noised, where i=(x,y) is the two- dimensional coordinate. Therefore all pixels in the support area S are averaged depending on their similarity to g[i]. The similarity between the pixels is measured by a certain mean distance of the pixels in the surrounding area, which is illustrated with the square around the pixels g[j1], g[j2] and g[j3]. The averaging process is described by: Ρ NLM [i] = ∑ j ∊ s w[I,j], g[j] [31]
![NLM Algorithm The Non-Local Means (NLM) [31] algorithm has been introduced in [32] for image de-noising.](http://images.slideplayer.com/26/8710455/slides/slide_16.jpg "In NLM de-noising, the estimate for a de- noised version of a noisy pixel is established by averaging all the pixels in the local as well as non-local neighborhood. The process of NLM [31] de-noising is illustrated in Fig 9. In the illustrated ex- ample, the pixel g[i] should be de-noised, where i=(x,y) is the two- dimensional coordinate. Therefore all pixels in the support area S are averaged depending on their similarity to g[i]. The similarity between the pixels is measured by a certain mean distance of the pixels in the surrounding area, which is illustrated with the square around the pixels g[j1], g[j2] and g[j3]. The averaging process is described by: Ρ NLM [i] = ∑ j ∊ s w[I,j], g[j] [31].")
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Figure 7: Casual patches for NLM predictor [31]
![Figure 7: Casual patches for NLM predictor [31]](http://images.slideplayer.com/26/8710455/slides/slide_17.jpg "Figure 7: Casual patches for NLM predictor [31]")
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Low-Complexity Pixel wise Predictor Implementation Run time for prediction is proportional to the neighborhood size or the patch size. If the patch becomes larger, structural complexity of the patch becomes higher, so it becomes harder to find similar patches. Hence patch and neighborhood sizes are reduced in NLM predictor. Results of the investigated parameter constellations are shown in Table 3 [32].
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Table 3: Compression results of the proposed pixel-wise prediction [32]
![Table 3: Compression results of the proposed pixel-wise prediction [32]](http://images.slideplayer.com/26/8710455/slides/slide_19.jpg "Table 3: Compression results of the proposed pixel-wise prediction [32]")
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Test Sequences Sequences are obtained from [29] and experimented to obtain the performance based on various parameters described as follows. Figure 8: Race horse sequence [29]
![Test Sequences Sequences are obtained from [29] and experimented to obtain the performance based on various parameters described as follows.](http://images.slideplayer.com/26/8710455/slides/slide_20.jpg "Figure 8: Race horse sequence [29].")
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Figure 9: Basketball drill sequence [29]
![Figure 9: Basketball drill sequence [29]](http://images.slideplayer.com/26/8710455/slides/slide_21.jpg "Figure 9: Basketball drill sequence [29]")
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Figure 10: Kristen and Sara sequence [29]
![Figure 10: Kristen and Sara sequence [29]](http://images.slideplayer.com/26/8710455/slides/slide_22.jpg "Figure 10: Kristen and Sara sequence [29]")
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Figure 11: Park Scene sequence [29]
![Figure 11: Park Scene sequence [29]](http://images.slideplayer.com/26/8710455/slides/slide_23.jpg "Figure 11: Park Scene sequence [29]")
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Test sequence 1: Test SequenceResolutionFrame rate (fps) RaceHorses_416x24 0_30.yuv 416 x 24030 Test sequence Intra Profile Rando m Access Profile BD- % Bit rate reduction BD- PSNR(dB) Race horse sequence PSNR (dB)34.244233.7342 -22.4269 1.483 Bitrate(kbps)1842.64 21 371.49 Encoding time(sec) 24.332119.764 Decoding time(sec) 0.8404.134
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Test sequence 2: Test SequenceResolutionFrame rate (fps) BasketballDrill_832x 480_50.yuv 832 x 48050 Test sequence Intra Profile Random Access Profile BD- % Bit rate reduction BD- PSNR(dB) Basketball drill PSNR (dB)37.294735.7193 -32.8763 1.956 Bitrate(kbps)5941.7732817.87 Encoding time(sec) 97.539347.891 Decoding time(sec) 1.24.28
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Test sequence 3: Test SequenceResolutionFrame rate (fps) KristenandSara_1280 x720_60.yuv 1280 x 72060 Test sequence Intra Profile Rando m Access Profile BD- % Bit rate reduction BD- PSNR(dB) Basketball drill PSNR (dB)41.888741.6543 -33.541 2.783 Bitrate(kbps)10454.1962947.28 Encoding time(sec) 203.148615.423 Decoding time(sec) 2.56.31
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Test sequence 4: Test SequenceResolutionFrame rate (fps) ParkScene_1920x108 0_24.yuv 1920 x 108024 Test sequence Intra Profile Rando m Access Profile BD- % Bit rate reduction BD- PSNR(dB) Basketball drill PSNR (dB)38.236137.2705 -34.875 3.842 Bitrate(kbps)20114.41422685.25 Encoding time(sec) 505.0781745.91 Decoding time(sec) 3.89.103
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Project Results BD-PSNR (dB) for the test sequences 1&2
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BD-% Bit rate reduction for test sequences 1&2
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Test sequence 1 [29]: Encoding and decoding times (secs) for Intra and Random access profiles
![Test sequence 1 [29]: Encoding and decoding times (secs) for Intra and Random access profiles](http://images.slideplayer.com/26/8710455/slides/slide_30.jpg "Test sequence 1 [29]: Encoding and decoding times (secs) for Intra and Random access profiles")
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Test sequence 2 [29]: Encoding and decoding times (secs) for Intra and Random access profiles
![Test sequence 2 [29]: Encoding and decoding times (secs) for Intra and Random access profiles](http://images.slideplayer.com/26/8710455/slides/slide_31.jpg "Test sequence 2 [29]: Encoding and decoding times (secs) for Intra and Random access profiles")
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BD-PSNR (dB) for the test sequences 3&4
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BD-% Bit rate reduction for test sequences 3&4
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Test sequence 3 [29]: Encoding and decoding times (secs) for Intra and Random access profiles
![Test sequence 3 [29]: Encoding and decoding times (secs) for Intra and Random access profiles](http://images.slideplayer.com/26/8710455/slides/slide_34.jpg "Test sequence 3 [29]: Encoding and decoding times (secs) for Intra and Random access profiles")
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Test sequence 4 [29]: Encoding and decoding times (secs) for Intra and Random access profiles
![Test sequence 4 [29]: Encoding and decoding times (secs) for Intra and Random access profiles](http://images.slideplayer.com/26/8710455/slides/slide_35.jpg "Test sequence 4 [29]: Encoding and decoding times (secs) for Intra and Random access profiles")
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Conclusions The HM 16.0 [16] software has been used for simulation of various test sequences [29]. Results have been plotted and compared with other test sequences of various resolutions. BD- PSNR and BD Bit rate [4] have been computed and plotted. To ensure fair compression against other coding schemes, class sequences are used across the configurations. Theoretical analysis, to obtain HEVC lossless coding; through various methods were studied. Future Work Future simulations can be conducted using the HM 16.0 [16] software for other test sequences [29] JPEG-LS, JPEG-2K and ZIP (archival tools) [4] can be taken into consideration for obtaining a performance comparison; based on compression ratio, BD-bitrate, BD- PSNR, computational complexity.
![Conclusions The HM 16.0 [16] software has been used for simulation of various test sequences [29].](http://images.slideplayer.com/26/8710455/slides/slide_36.jpg "Results have been plotted and compared with other test sequences of various resolutions. BD- PSNR and BD Bit rate [4] have been computed and plotted. To ensure fair compression against other coding schemes, class sequences are used across the configurations. Theoretical analysis, to obtain HEVC lossless coding; through various methods were studied. Future Work Future simulations can be conducted using the HM 16.0 [16] software for other test sequences [29] JPEG-LS, JPEG-2K and ZIP (archival tools) [4] can be taken into consideration for obtaining a performance comparison; based on compression ratio, BD-bitrate, BD- PSNR, computational complexity..")
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References [1] G.J. Sullivan et al, “Overview of the high efficiency video coding (HEVC) standard”, IEEE Trans, CSVT, vol. 22, pp.1649-1668, Dec. 2012. [2] G.J. Sullivan et al, “Standardized Extensions of High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC)”, IEEE Journal of selected topics in Signal Processing, vol.7, pp.1001-1016, Dec. 2013. [3] C. Fogg, “Suggested figures for the HEVC specification”, ITU- T/ISO/IEC Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) document JCTVC- J0292r1, July. 2012. [4] M. Zhou et al, “HEVC lossless coding and improvements”, IEEE Trans, CSVT, vol.22, pp.1839-1843, Dec. 2013. [5] N. Purnachand et al, "Fast Motion Estimation Algorithm for HEVC", IEEE Second International Conference on Consumer Electronics-Berlin (ICCE-Berlin), vol.11, pp.34-37, Sep. 2012.
![References [1] G.J.](http://images.slideplayer.com/26/8710455/slides/slide_37.jpg "Sullivan et al, Overview of the high efficiency video coding (HEVC) standard , IEEE Trans, CSVT, vol. 22, pp , Dec [2] G.J. Sullivan et al, Standardized Extensions of High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) , IEEE Journal of selected topics in Signal Processing, vol.7, pp , Dec [3] C. Fogg, Suggested figures for the HEVC specification , ITU- T/ISO/IEC Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) document JCTVC- J0292r1, July [4] M. Zhou et al, HEVC lossless coding and improvements , IEEE Trans, CSVT, vol.22, pp , Dec [5] N. Purnachand et al, Fast Motion Estimation Algorithm for HEVC , IEEE Second International Conference on Consumer Electronics-Berlin (ICCE-Berlin), vol.11, pp.34-37, Sep")
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[6] P. Hanhart et al, “ Subjective quality evaluation of the upcoming HEVC video compression standard”, SPIE Optical Engineering+ Applications, International Society for Optics and Photonics, vol. 8499, pp.84990v-84990v, Aug. 2012. [7] M. Horowitz et al, “Informal subjective quality comparison of video compression performance of the HEVC and H.264/MPEG - 4 AVC standards for low delay applications”, SPIE Optical Engineering+ Applications, International Society for Optics and Photonics, vol.84990, pp.84990w-84990w, Aug. 2012. [8] A. Abdelazim, W. Masri and B. Noaman, "Motion estimation optimization tools for the emerging high efficiency video coding (HEVC)", IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging, International Society for Optics and Photonics, vol. 9029, pp. 902905-902905, Feb. 2014. [9] M. Jakubowski and G. Pastuszak, “Block-based motion estimation algorithms-a survey”, Journal of Opto-Electronics Review, vol. 21, pp.86-102, Mar. 2013.
![[6] P.](http://images.slideplayer.com/26/8710455/slides/slide_38.jpg "Hanhart et al, Subjective quality evaluation of the upcoming HEVC video compression standard , SPIE Optical Engineering+ Applications, International Society for Optics and Photonics, vol. 8499, pp.84990v-84990v, Aug [7] M. Horowitz et al, Informal subjective quality comparison of video compression performance of the HEVC and H.264/MPEG - 4 AVC standards for low delay applications , SPIE Optical Engineering+ Applications, International Society for Optics and Photonics, vol.84990, pp.84990w-84990w, Aug [8] A. Abdelazim, W. Masri and B. Noaman, Motion estimation optimization tools for the emerging high efficiency video coding (HEVC) , IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging, International Society for Optics and Photonics, vol. 9029, pp , Feb [9] M. Jakubowski and G. Pastuszak, Block-based motion estimation algorithms-a survey , Journal of Opto-Electronics Review, vol. 21, pp , Mar")
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[10] B. Bross et al, “High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Text Specification Draft 10”, Document JCTVC-L1003, ITU-T/ISO/IEC Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC), Jan. 2013, available on http://phenix.it- sudparis.eu/jct/doc_end_user/current_document.php?id=7243 http://phenix.it- sudparis.eu/jct/doc_end_user/current_document.php?id=7243 [11] J. Ascenso et al, "Improving Frame Interpolation with Spatial Motion Smoothing for Pixel Domain Distributed Video Coding", 5th EURASIP Conference on Speech and Image Processing, Multimedia Communications and Services, pp.1-6, Smolenice, Slovak Republic, July. 2005. [12] X. Wang et al, “Paralleling Variable Block Size Motion Estimation of HEVC on Multicore CPU plus GPU platform”, IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), vol.22, pp. 1836-1839, Sep. 2013.Paralleling Variable Block Size Motion Estimation of HEVC on Multicore CPU plus GPU platform [13] Introduction to parallel computing https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/parallel_comp/#Whatis https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/parallel_comp/#Whatis
![[10] B.](http://images.slideplayer.com/26/8710455/slides/slide_39.jpg "Bross et al, High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Text Specification Draft 10 , Document JCTVC-L1003, ITU-T/ISO/IEC Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC), Jan. 2013, available on sudparis.eu/jct/doc_end_user/current_document.php id= sudparis.eu/jct/doc_end_user/current_document.php id=7243 [11] J. Ascenso et al, Improving Frame Interpolation with Spatial Motion Smoothing for Pixel Domain Distributed Video Coding , 5th EURASIP Conference on Speech and Image Processing, Multimedia Communications and Services, pp.1-6, Smolenice, Slovak Republic, July [12] X. Wang et al, Paralleling Variable Block Size Motion Estimation of HEVC on Multicore CPU plus GPU platform , IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), vol.22, pp , Sep Paralleling Variable Block Size Motion Estimation of HEVC on Multicore CPU plus GPU platform [13] Introduction to parallel computing")
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[14] L. Zhao et al, “Group-Based Fast mode decision algorithm for intra prediction in HEVC”, IEEE Eighth international Conference on Signal Image Technology and Internet based Systems. Article no.6115979, pp. 225-229, Nov. 2011. [15] V. Sze and M. Budagavi, "High Throughput CABAC Entropy Coding in HEVC", IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol.22, no.12, pp.1778-1791, Dec 2012. [16] T.Nguyen et al, "Transform Coding Techniques in HEVC", IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing, vol.7, pp.978–989, Dec. 2013. [17] HEVC tutorial by I.E.G. Richardson: http://www.vcodex.com/h265.html http://www.vcodex.com/h265.html [18] HEVC Reference Software HM16.0. https://hevc.hhi.fraunhofer.de/svn/svn_HEVCSoftware/tags/HM- 16.0rc1/ https://hevc.hhi.fraunhofer.de/svn/svn_HEVCSoftware/tags/HM- 16.0rc1/
![[14] L.](http://images.slideplayer.com/26/8710455/slides/slide_40.jpg "Zhao et al, Group-Based Fast mode decision algorithm for intra prediction in HEVC , IEEE Eighth international Conference on Signal Image Technology and Internet based Systems. Article no , pp , Nov [15] V. Sze and M. Budagavi, High Throughput CABAC Entropy Coding in HEVC , IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol.22, no.12, pp , Dec [16] T.Nguyen et al, Transform Coding Techniques in HEVC , IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing, vol.7, pp.978–989, Dec [17] HEVC tutorial by I.E.G. Richardson: [18] HEVC Reference Software HM rc1/ rc1/.")
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[19] B. Bross et al,“High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC)Text Specification Draft 8”, JCT-VC document, JCTVC-J1003, Stockholm, Sweden, Jul. 2012. http://phenix.it-sudparis.eu/jct/doc_end_user/current_document.php?id=6465 [20] Joint Video Team, “Advanced Video Coding for Generic Audiovisual Services”, ITU-T Rec. H.264 and ISO/IEC, 14496-10 (MPEG-4) AVC, pp.H.100-H.869, Feb. 2014. [21] Y.L. Lee et al, "Improved lossless intra coding for H.264/MPEG-4 AVC", IEEE Trans, Image Process., vol.15, no.9, pp.2610-2615, Sep 2006."Improved lossless intra coding for H.264/MPEG-4 AVC" [22]K.R. Rao, D.N Kim and J.J Hwang, “High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Revised/Updated Chapter from the book Video Coding Standards”–Springer 2014. [23] ITU-T website: http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/index.htmlhttp://www.itu.int/ITU-T/index.html [24] JCT-VC documents are publicly available at http://ftp3.itu.ch/av- arch/jctvc-site and http://phenix.it-sudparis.eu/jct/http://ftp3.itu.ch/av- arch/jctvc-sitehttp://phenix.it-sudparis.eu/jct/
![[19] B.](http://images.slideplayer.com/26/8710455/slides/slide_41.jpg "Bross et al, High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC)Text Specification Draft 8 , JCT-VC document, JCTVC-J1003, Stockholm, Sweden, Jul id=6465 [20] Joint Video Team, Advanced Video Coding for Generic Audiovisual Services , ITU-T Rec. H.264 and ISO/IEC, (MPEG-4) AVC, pp.H.100-H.869, Feb [21] Y.L. Lee et al, Improved lossless intra coding for H.264/MPEG-4 AVC , IEEE Trans, Image Process., vol.15, no.9, pp , Sep Improved lossless intra coding for H.264/MPEG-4 AVC [22]K.R. Rao, D.N Kim and J.J Hwang, High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Revised/Updated Chapter from the book Video Coding Standards –Springer [23] ITU-T website: [24] JCT-VC documents are publicly available at arch/jctvc-site and arch/jctvc-sitehttp://phenix.it-sudparis.eu/jct/.")
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[25] V.Sze, M. Budagavi, and G.J. Sullivan, “High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Algorithms and Architectures” Springer, 2014. [26] Software reference manual for HM: https://hevc.hhi.fraunhofer.de/svn/svn_HEVCSoftware/branches/HM-9.2- dev/doc/software-manual.pdfhttps://hevc.hhi.fraunhofer.de/svn/svn_HEVCSoftware/branches/HM-9.2- dev/doc/software-manual.pdf [27] M. Wien, “High efficiency video coding: Tools and specification”, Springer, 2015. [28] I.E. Richardson, “Coding video: A practical guide to HEVC and beyond”, Wiley, 11 May 2015. [ 29] Video Sequences: http://ultravideo.cs.tut.fi/ http://ultravideo.cs.tut.fi/ http://forum.doom9.org/archive/index.php/t-135034.html [30] C. Xun and Q. Gu, "Improved HEVC lossless compression using Two-Stage coding with Sub-Frame level optimal quantization values", IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), vol.23, pp. 5651-5655, Oct. 2014.
![[25] V.Sze, M. Budagavi, and G.J.](http://images.slideplayer.com/26/8710455/slides/slide_42.jpg "Sullivan, High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Algorithms and Architectures Springer, [26] Software reference manual for HM: dev/doc/software-manual.pdfhttps://hevc.hhi.fraunhofer.de/svn/svn_HEVCSoftware/branches/HM-9.2- dev/doc/software-manual.pdf [27] M. Wien, High efficiency video coding: Tools and specification , Springer, [28] I.E. Richardson, Coding video: A practical guide to HEVC and beyond , Wiley, 11 May [ 29] Video Sequences: [30] C. Xun and Q. Gu, Improved HEVC lossless compression using Two-Stage coding with Sub-Frame level optimal quantization values , IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), vol.23, pp , Oct")
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![[36] T.K.](http://images.slideplayer.com/26/8710455/slides/slide_44.jpg "Tan et al, Intra Prediction by Averaged Template Matching Predictors , IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC), vol. 16, pp , Jan [37] V. Sze and M. Budagavi, Design and Implementation of Next Generation Video Coding Systems (H.265/HEVC Tutorial), IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), Melbourne, Australia, presented on June")
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