1. XMASS experiment and its double beta decay option XMASS experiment for dark matter search and low energy solar neutrino detection Double beta decay option 18 th Sep. 2005, HAW05 workshop, Double beta-decay and neutrino masses S. Moriyama, ICRR

2. 1. Introduction Dark matter Double beta Solar neutrino  What’s XMASS Xenon MASSive detector for solar neutrino (pp/ 7 Be) Xenon detector for Weakly Interacting MASSive Particles (DM search) Xenon neutrino MASS detector (  decay) Multi purpose low-background experiment with liq. Xe

3. Why Liquid Xenon? General properties: Large scintillation yield (~42000photons/MeV ~NaI(Tl)) Scintillation wavelength (175nm, direct read out by PMTs) Higher operation temperature (~165K, LNe~27K, LHe~4K) Compact (  2.9g, 10t detector ~ 1.5m cubic) Not so expensive Well-known EW cross sections for neutrinos External gamma ray background: Self shielding (large Z=54) Internal background: Purification (distillation, etc) No long-life radio isotopes Isotope separation is relatively easy No 14 C contamination (can measure low energy) Circulation

4. Key idea: self shielding effect for low energy signals Large Z makes detectors very compact Large photon yield (42 photon/keV ~ NaI(Tl)) Liquid Xe is the most promising material. PMTs Single phase liquid Xe Volume for shielding Fiducial volume 23ton all volume 20cm wall cut 30cm wall cut (10ton FV) BG normalized by mass 1MeV02MeV3MeV Large self-shield effect External  ray from U/Th-chain

5. Strategy of the XMASS project ~1 ton detector (FV 100kg) Dark matter search ~20 ton detector (FV 10ton) Solar neutrinos Dark matter search Prototype detector (FV 3kg) R&D ~2.5m~1m ~30cm Good results Confirmation of feasibilities of the ~1ton detector Double beta decay option?

6. 3kg FV prototype detector In the Kamioka Mine (near the Super-K) Liq. Xe (31cm) 3 MgF 2 window 54 2-inch low BG PMTs Gamma ray shield OFHC cubic chamber Demonstration of reconstruction, self shielding effect, and low background properties. 16% photo- coverage Hamamatsu R8778

7.    PMT n n L) ! )exp( Log()  L: likelihood  : F(x,y,z,i) x total p.e.  F(x,y,z,i) n: observed number ofp.e. Vertex and energy reconstruction === Background event sample === QADC, FADC, and hit timing information are available for analysis F(x,y,z,i): acceptance for i-th PMT (MC) VUV photon characteristics: L emit =42ph/keV  abs =100cm  scat =30cm Calculate PMT acceptances from various vertices by Monte Carlo. Vtx.: compare acceptance map F(x,y,z,i) Ene.: calc. from obs. p.e. & total accept. Reconstructed here FADCHit timing QADC Reconstruction is performed by PMT charge pattern (not timing)

8. Source run (  ray injection from collimators) I DATA MC Collimator A Collimator BCollimator C A B C +++ Well reproduced.

9. Source run (  ray injection from collimators) II Good agreements. Self shield works as expected. Photo electron yield ~ 0.8p.e./keV for all volume Gamma rays Z= +15Z= -15 137 Cs: 662keV DATA MC PMT Saturation region -15+15cm-15+15cm ~1/200 ~1/10 Reconstructed Z Arbitrary Unit 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -4 10 -5 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -4 10 -5 60 Co: 1.17&1.33MeV DATA MC No energy cut, only saturation cut. BG subtracted  =2.884g/cc

10. Background data MC uses U/Th/K activity from PMTs, etc (meas. by HPGe). Good agreement (< factor 2) Self shield effect can be clearly seen. Very low background (10 -2 /kg/day/keV@100-300 keV) REAL DATA MC simulation All volume 20cm FV 10cm FV (3kg) All volume 20cm FV 10cm FV (3kg) Miss-reconstruction due to dead-angle region from PMTs. 10 -2 /kg/day/keV Aug. 04 run 3.9days livetime ~1.6Hz, 4 fold, triggered by ~0.4p.e. Event rate (/kg/day/keV)

11. Current results 238 U(Bi/Po): = (33+-7)x10 -14 g/g 232 Th(Bi/Po): < 63x10 -14 g/g Kr: < 5ppt Internal background activities Factor <~30 (under further study) Achieved by distillation Factor ~30, but may decay out further Goal to look for DM by 1ton detector 1x10 -14 g/g 2x10 -14 g/g 1 ppt x5 x32 x33 Very near to the target level of U, Th Radon and Kr contamination.

12. Distillation to reduce Kr (1/1000 by 1 pass) Very effective to reduce internal impurities ( 85 Kr, etc.) We have processed our Xe before the measurement. Boiling point (@1 atm) Xe165K Kr120K ~3m 13 stage of Operation: 2 atm Processing speed: 0.6 kg / hour Design factor: 1/1000 Kr / 1 pass Lower temp. Higher temp. ~1% 2cm  ~99% Purified Xe: < 5 ppt Kr (measured after Kr-enrichment) Off gas Xe: 330±100 ppb Kr (measured) Original Xe: ~3 ppb Kr

13. 1 ton (100kg FV) detector for DM Search Solve the miss reconst. prob.  immerse PMTs into LXe Ext.  BG: from PMT’s  Self-shield effect demonstrated Int. BG: Kr (distillation), Radon  Almost achieved external  ray (60cm, 346kg) external  ray: (40cm, 100kg ) /kg/day/keV Dark matter (10 -6 pb, 50GeV, 100 GeV) Q.F. = 0.2 assumed pp 7 Be 8x10 -5 /keV/kg/d “Full” photo-sensitive,“Spherical” geometry detector 80cm dia. Achieved 0100200 Energy(keVee) ~800-2” PMTs (1/10 Low BG) 70% photo-coverage ~5p.e./keVee

14. More detailed geometrical design A tentative design (not final one) 12 pentagons / pentakisdodecahedron This geometry has been coded in a Geant 4 based simulator Hexagonal PMT ~50mm diameter Aiming for 1/10 lower BG than R8778 R8778: U 1.8±0.2x10 -2 Bq Th 6.9±1.3x10 -3 Bq 40 K 1.4±0.2x10 -1 Bq

15. Expected sensitivity Large improvements expected. XMASS(Ann. Mod.) XMASS(Sepc.) Edelweiss Al2O3 Tokyo LiF Modane NaI CRESST UKDMC NaI NAIAD XMASS FV 0.5ton year E th =5keVee~25p.e., 3  discovery W/O any pulse shape info. 10 -6 10 -4 10 -8 10 -10 Cross section to nucleon [pb] 10 -4 10 -2 1 10 2 10 4 10 6 Plots except for XMASS: http://dmtools.berkeley.edu Gaitskell & Mandic

16. Double beta decay option

17. BG for double beta decay signals with conventional XMASS detector 2  not yet observed. NA 8.9% Q=2.467MeV, just below 208 Tl 2.615MeV  rays Self shielding of liquid xenon is not very effective for high energy  rays.  rays from rock & PMTs need to be shielded. 23ton 2.5m dia. sphere 15ton 2.1m dia. 10ton (1.9m dia. ) 100% 136 Xe 0  10 25 yr ~0.2-0.3eV 100% 136 Xe 2  8x10 21 yr Event rate (keV -1 kg -1 y -1 )

18. One of possible solutions Put room temperature LXe into a thick, acrylic pressure vessel (~50atm). Symbolically… Wavelength shifter inside the vessel. We already have 10kg enriched 136 Xe. Merit: Xe can be purified even after experiment starts!

19. Expected sensitivity Assume acrylic material U,Th~10 -12 g/g, no other bg. Cylindrical geom. (4cm dia. LXe, 10cm dia. Vessel) 10kg 136 Xe 42000photon/MeV but 50% scintillation yield, 90% eff. shifter, 80% water transp., 20% PMT coverage, 25% QE  57keVrms @ Q  =2.48MeV 1yr, 10kg measurement 1.5 x 10 25 yr  =0.2~0.3eV c.f. DAMA > 7 x 10 23 yr (90%) If U/Th ~ 10 -16 g/g + larger mass  ~0.02-0.03eV  will not be BG thanks to high resolution!! 57keV rms expected U+Th normalized for 10kg, 1yr

20. R&D items Pressure test Wavelength shifter Scintillation yield Possible creep effect on acrylic material Degas from acrylic surface BG consideration (time anal., plastic scinti. vessel) Detector design c.f. wavelength shifter: M.A.Iqbal et al., NIMA 243(1986)459 L. Periale et al., NIMA 478(2002)377 D. N. McKinsey et al., NIMB 132 (1997) 351 Pressure vessel PMT ｓ Useful for any scintillators Double focus detector Cheap Easy Safe Water sheild Scintillation light -

21. Pressure test vessel Test vessel held 80 atm water!! valve 110mm-dia. 120mm length 50mm-dia., 50mm length ~98cc water

22. R&D study for wavelength shifter DC light source: excimer xenon lamp Vacuum vessel, signal PMT and monitor PMT Vacuum vessel ~80cm diameter Signal and monitor PMTs R8778 for XMASS Sample fixed in 50mm dia. holder Beam splitter: MgF 2 tilted by 45 deg. 172nm monitor PMT PMT sample 0 100 160170 180 190 (nm) Wavelength ~ LXe scintillation light Arbitrary unit

23. TPB in PS Famous WLS for VUV lights TPB: Tetraphenyl butadiene  This measurement TPH: p-terphenyl DPS: Dephenyl stilbene Sodium salicylate Doped in a polystyrene films 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, 16.0% (in weight) Ref. systematic study on doped films for 58nm and 74nm, D. N. McKinsey et al., NIMB, 132 (1997) 351-358 0.5% TPB doped PS, 100  m

24. TPB 0.5% doped PS Two measurements for systematic study (1) Gap between PS and PMT: PS n=1.59  Due to total reflection <39deg. light go into PMT  Solid angle 11% Correction applied (2) Optical grease btw PS and PMT: grease n=1.47  Light to orange region go into PMT (67deg., 39deg.)  Solid angle 50% Correction applied Efficiency 37+/-6% is obtained for 0.5% TPB PS. However, 2% TPB PS does not give consistent results. Further careful study needed. PMT 39deg. Quartz n=1.5-1.6 PMT 67deg.

25. Background due to 8 B solar neutrinos 8 B solar neutrinos for double beta decay search A. A. Klimenko, hep-ph/0407156, 8 B solar neutrinos will be background for 136 Xe double beta decay search. 4.0x10 27 y  23meV Need Ba daughter tag, two track ID, or ?? Ge is safe because of its high energy res. T 2 1/2 = 2.2x10 22 y T 2 1/2 = 4.0x10 27 y FWHM=60keV

26. Summary XMASS experiment: dark matter, low energy solar neutrino, and double beta decay observation. With 3kg FV R&D detector, we have demonstrated event reconstruction, self shielding, and low radioactive contamination in xenon. (1) 238 U(Bi/Po) = (33+-7)x10 -14 g/g (2) 232 Th(Bi/Po) < 63x10 -14 g/g (3) Kr < 5ppt. (4) Background @ 200keV ~10 -2 /kg/keV/day 100kg FV XMASS detector is expected to give ~100 improvement for current dark matter search. For double beta decay option, another design is discussed. Wavelength shifter (0.5% TPB in PS) gives 37+/-6% conversion efficiency for 172nm light. Further R&D is ongoing for double beta decay option.

27. Ge detector case Ge case, 4.2x10 27 y is safe (FWHM 5keV)

28. Estimation for the size of the water tank Back of an envelope estimation: 1. 208 Tl 2.6MeV gamma rays from the rock 2. Compton scattered gamma by water does not contribute. 3. Gamma flux of 208 Tl based on measured value in the mine. Attenuation coeff. of 2.614MeV in water ： 4.27x10 -2 cm -1 (1/70 by 1m) Gamma ray flux in the mine, 2.615MeV: 0.07cm 2 /sec Surface area of 10kg liquid xenon (24cm diameter): 2x10 3 cm 2 Probability to deposit 2.6MeV when the gamma ray incident ： 10% Water thickness: t (m) BG 1event/1yr （ 2x10 -9 ! ） 0.07 x 2x10 3 x 0.1 x exp(-4.27 t) x 86400 x 365 = 1  t =4.7m

29. Distance to the PMT ’ s 20’’ PMT for Super-Kamiokande 208 Tl gamma ray ~10/sec/PMT Use 10 PMT’s To make 1event/1yr background, 10 x 10 x (0.12 2  )/4  t 2 x exp(-4.27 t) x 86400 x 365 = 1  t=3.3m 3.3m 13m 10m Water tank Rough calculation gives: 13m in height 10m in diameter

31. spectrum (light source) Wave length [nm]

32. MgF2 transmittance Wave length [nm]

33. Hamamatsu R8778MOD(hex) 12cm 5.4cm 5.8cm (edge to edge) 0.3cm (rim) c.f. R8778 U 1.8±0.2x10 -2 Bq Th 6.9±1.3x10 -3 Bq 40 K 1.4±0.2x10 -1 Bq Hexagonal quartz window Effective area:  50mm (min) QE ~30 % (target) Aiming for 1/10 lower background than R8778 Prototype has been manufactured already Now, being tested

34. McKinsey: Excitation by 58, 74nm