1. Reproduction and Development
Chapter 26, part C
Reproduction and Development

2. Procreation: Delivering the Sperm to the Egg
Prevention: abstinence, barriers, surgical, & pills
Phases of Coitus (sexual intercourse or copulation)
Excitement
Plateau
Orgasm
Resolution
Erection Reflex
CNS & spinal integration

3. Procreation: Delivering the Sperm to the Egg
Figure 26-15: The erection reflex

4. Fertilization: Union of Male & Female Chromosomes
Sperm capacitation
Swimming & attractants
Egg contact
Penetration
Nuclear fusion
(Zygote)
Figure 26-16b: Fertilization

5. Fertilization: Union of Male & Female Chromosomes
Figure 26-17: Fusion of sperm and egg to form a zygote

6. Zygote Development: Cell Division & Implantation
Cell divisions
Blastocyst
Migration to Uterus
Implantation

7. Zygote Development: Cell Division & Implantation
Figure 26-18: Ovulation, fertilization, and implantation of an ovum

8. Placenta and Further Embroynic Development
Amnion
Chorion
Placenta
Exchange
Hormones
Human chorionic Gonadotropin-hCG
Progesterone

9. Placenta and Further Embroynic Development
Figure a, b: The placenta

10. Birth: Parturition Labor Rhythmic Uterine Contractions
Cervical dilation
Delivery
Baby
Placenta

11. Figure 26-20: Parturition: the birth process
Birth: Parturition
Figure 26-20: Parturition: the birth process

12. Regulators of Parturition
Labor onset
Stretch stimulus
Oxytocin
Prostaglandins
Positive feedback
 Stretch 
 Oxytocin
Birth ends
Stimulus
Figure 26-21: The positive feedback loop of parturition

13. Lactation: Producing and Releasing Milk
Estrogen & progesterone
Preps mammary tissues
Prolactin inhibiting H:
Prolactin  milk production
(other roles in fertility)
Sucking stimulus 
Oxytocin 
"Milk let-down" reflex

14. Lactation: Producing and Releasing Milk
Figure 26-23: The hormonal control of milk secretion and release

15. Reproductive Maturation: Puberty
Increase production of sex hormones
Maturation of reproductive organs & gamete production
20 sexual characteristics
Males: pubic hair, beard, deep voice, "wedge" body form &  muscle mass
Females: menarche, pubic hair, breasts & "pear shape" body form

16. Later in Life Menopause: Female "Change-of Life"
Ovaries  responding to GnRH
 Levels of estrogen & progesterone produced
Cease egg development
"Hot flashes" ,  osteoporosis risk
(hormone replacement debate)
"Andropause" (?): Male changes are gradual
 Sex hormones:  muscle mass,  libido,  erections
Viagra: PNS  NO  cGMP   degradation

17. Summary
Genes and hormones direct bipotential reproductive tissues to differentiate into males or females
Spermatogenesis is regulated by FSH & LH, testosterone and inhibin influence on spermatocytes, Sertoli & Leydig cells
Menstrual cycle coordinates egg maturation with endometrium, and is regulated by GnRH, LH & FSH  estrogen, progesterone & inhibin (and placental hCG)

18. Summary
Fertilization, implantation, placental nutrition, lead to parturition (driven by oxytocin in a positive feedback reflex)
Puberty initiates reproductive maturity, menopause the end of it