1. Protein Synthesis

2. DNA is in the form of specific sequences of nucleotides along the DNA strands The DNA inherited by an organism leads to specific traits by dictating the synthesis of proteins The process by which DNA directs protein synthesis, gene expression includes two stages, called transcription and translation

3. *Transcription and Translation* Cells are governed by a cellular chain of command –DNA  RNA  PROTEIN Transcription (DNA to RNA) –Is the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA –Produces messenger RNA (mRNA) Translation (RNA to PROTEIN) –Is the actual synthesis of a polypeptide, which occurs under the direction of mRNA –Occurs on ribosomes

4. *Transcription and Translation in Eukaryotes* In a eukaryotic cell the nuclear envelope separates transcription from translation Eukaryotic cell. The nucleus provides a separate compartment for transcription. The original RNA transcript, called pre-mRNA, is processed in various ways before leaving the nucleus as mRNA. (b) TRANSCRIPTION RNA PROCESSING TRANSLATION mRNA DNA Pre-mRNA Polypeptide Ribosome Nuclear envelope

5. *Transcription (Part 1 of Protein Synthesis)* Transcription is the DNA- directed synthesis of RNA RNA synthesis Is catalyzed by? RNA polymerase, which pries the DNA strands apart and hooks together the RNA nucleotides How does it work? Follows the same base-pairing rules as DNA, except that in RNA, Uracil substitutes for Thymine

6. *RNA* Table 17.1 RNA is single stranded, not double stranded like DNA RNA is short, only 1 gene long RNA uses the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose in DNA RNA uses the base uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)

7. *Synthesis of an RNA Transcript* The stages of transcription are –Initiation –Elongation –Termination Promoter Transcription unit RNA polymerase Start point 5353 3535 3535 5353 5353 3535 5353 3535 5 5 Rewound RNA transcript 3 3 Completed RNA transcript Unwound DNA RNA transcript Template strand of DNA DNA 1 Initiation. After RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, the DNA strands unwind, and the polymerase initiates RNA synthesis at the start point on the template strand. 2 Elongation. The polymerase moves downstream, unwinding the DNA and elongating the RNA transcript 5  3. In the wake of transcription, the DNA strands re-form a double helix. 3 Termination. Eventually, the RNA transcript is released, and the polymerase detaches from the DNA.

8. Promoters signal the initiation of RNA synthesis Transcription factors help eukaryotic RNA polymerase recognize promoter sequences TRANSCRIPTION RNA PROCESSING TRANSLATION DNA Pre-mRNA mRNA Ribosome Polypeptide TATAA A A ATATTTT TATA box Start point Template DNA strand 5 3 3 5 Transcription factors 5 3 3 5 Promoter 5 3 3 5 5 RNA polymerase II Transcription factors RNA transcript Transcription initiation complex Eukaryotic promoters 1 Several transcription factors 2 Additional transcription factors 3 *Synthesis of an RNA Transcript – Initiation*

9. Synthesis of an RNA Transcript - *Elongation* Elongation RNA polymerase Non-template strand of DNA RNA nucleotides 3 end C A E G C A A U T A G G T T A A C G U A T C A T CCA A T T G G 3 5 5 Newly made RNA Direction of transcription (“downstream”) Template strand of DNA RNA polymerase synthesizes a single strand of RNA against the DNA template strand, adding nucleotides to the 3’ end of the RNA chain As RNA polymerase moves along the DNA it continues to untwist the double helix, exposing about 10 to 20 DNA bases at a time for pairing with RNA nucleotides

10. Specific sequences in the DNA signal termination of transcription When one of these is encountered by the polymerase, the RNA transcript is released from the DNA and the double helix can zip up again. *Synthesis of an RNA Transcript – Termination*

11. Transcription Overview

12. Transcription of RNA processing occur in the ________. After this, the messenger RNA moves to the _________ for translation. The cell adds a protective cap to one end, and a tail to the other end. Why? **Most of the genome consists of non-coding regions called introns –Non-coding regions may have specific chromosomal functions or have regulatory purposes –Introns also allow for alternative RNA splicing **Thus, an RNA copy of a gene is converted into messenger RNA by doing 2 things: –Add protective bases to the ends –Cut out the introns *Post Termination RNA Processing*

13. *Alteration of mRNA Ends* Each end of a pre-mRNA molecule is modified in a particular way –The 5 end receives a modified nucleotide cap –The 3 end gets a poly-A tail A modified guanine nucleotide added to the 5 end 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides added to the 3 end Protein-coding segment Polyadenylation signal Poly-A tail 3 UTR Stop codonStart codon 5 Cap 5 UTR AAUAAA AAA…AAA TRANSCRIPTION RNA PROCESSING DNA Pre-mRNA mRNA TRANSLATION Ribosome Polypeptide G P PP 5 3

14. RNA Processing - Splicing The original transcript from the DNA is called pre-mRNA. It contains transcripts of both introns and exons. The introns are removed by a process called splicing to produce messenger RNA (mRNA)

15. RNA Processing Proteins often have a modular architecture consisting of discrete structural and functional regions called domains In many cases different exons code for the different domains in a protein Figure 17.12 Gene DNA Exon 1 Intron Exon 2IntronExon 3 Transcription RNA processing Translation Domain 3 Domain 1 Domain 2 Polypeptide

16. Homework Worksheet on Transcription