1. Kingdom Monera Chapter 17-2

2. Bacteria  Bacteria or one-celled prokaryotes are cells without a nucleus and they’re found everywhere!  Bacteria are very small; as they don’t have membrane bound organelles like eukaryotes.  All Prokaryotes are placed in two kingdoms: the Eubacteria or the Archaebacteria.

3. Kingdom Eubacteria  Larger kingdom  Cell wall made of complex carbohydrates (protection)  Cell membrane, which surrounds the cytoplasm. Copy Figure 17-8

4.  Cyanobacteria: known as the blue green bacteria.  Photosynthetic  Contain pigment phycocyanin (blue)  Contain pigment chlorophyll a (green)  The membranes that contain these pigments are different from chloroplast in plant cells.  Found everywhere, salt water, fresh water, land, hot springs, and arctic Kingdom Eubacteria-Examples

5.  Prochlorobacteria:  Newly discovered group  Contain chlorophyll A & B  This makes them more similar to plants. Kingdom Eubacteria-Examples

6. Kingdom Archaebacteria  Lack complex carbohydrate in cell wall  Live in extremely harsh environments

7.  Methanogens: live in oxygen free environments like thick mud and the digestive tracts of animals.  Other archaebacteria live in salty environments & hot springs. Kingdom Archaebacteria

8. Identification- Cell Shape  1.Rod or bacilli  2. Spherical or cocci ( coccus Greek word for berries )  3. Spiral shaped or spirilla  Bacteria can also arrange themselves in chains, clusters or pairs.  For example: streptococcus form long chains.

10. Streptococcus Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas Vibrio, Triponema

11. Grouping  Diplo- Pairs  Streptos- Chains  Staphylo- Clusters

12. Examples of Spherical-shaped cells Coccus (sng), cocci (pl)

13. A Group of two is referred to as: Diplo This is diplococccus

14. A Cluster of cells is referred to as: Staphylo This is Staphylococcus

15. A slide of typical coccus looks like this in a microscope.

16. Coccus

17. Streptococcus aurelius

18. Strep Throat

19. Staph Infection

20. Rod-shaped cells Bacillus (sng), Bacilli (pl)

21. Typical Bacillus

22. Bacillus

23. Spiral-shaped cells Spirillum (sng), Spirlli (pl)

24. Spirochetes

25. Cell Wall  We use a method called gram staining to determine what kind of cell wall a bacterium has.  Gram stains consists of two dyes: crystal violet (purple) and safranine (red).  The bacteria will take up either the purple or the red stain.

26.  Two kinds of cell wall:  1. One thick layer of carbohydrate and protein molecules.  Turns purple: called Gram-positive bacteria  2. Has a second layer of lipid and carbohydrate molecules.  Turns red: Called Gram-negative bacteria Cell Wall

28. Movement  Propel with one or more flagella  Others lash, snake or spiral forward  Others glide in their own slime like material  No movement

29. How Do Bacteria Obtain Energy?  Phototrophic autotrophs trap the energy from the sun like plants.  Chemotrophic autotrophs- use energy from inorganic compounds (sulfur, iron, nitrogen) to build organic compounds.  -Live in harsh environments

30.  Chemotrophic heterotrophs- obtain energy by taking in organic molecules and breaking them down.  Ex. Most bacteria and animals.  Salmonella competes with us for food by growing in raw meat, poultry and eggs.  Phototrophic heterotrophs- they can use the sunlight for energy, but also need organic compounds for nutrition. How Do Bacteria Obtain Energy?

31.  Respiration and Fermentation (with or without oxygen)  Obligate aerobes: any organism that requires a constant supply of oxygen to survive.  Obligate anaerobes: must live in the absence of oxygen.  Ex: Clostridium botulinum  Facultative Anaerobes: doesn’t require oxygen, but isn’t poisoned by its presence. How Do Bacteria Obtain Energy?

32.  Binary Fission: (asexual reproduction) once a bacterium has doubled in size it replicates its DNA and splits into two identical daughter cells. Types of Bacterial Reproduction

33.  Conjugation: (sexual reproduction) genetic information is exchanged across a protein bridge that connects two separate bacteria cells. Types of Bacterial Reproduction Note: when environmental conditions are poor, bacteria can for a thick wall called an endospore, which protects the bacteria until external conditions improve.

34. Beneficial Roles of Bacteria  Production of yogurt, cheese, buttermilk.  Clean up of oil spills by digesting petroleum  Symbiotic relationships with other organisms.  Ex. (humans and E. coli )  (bacteria produce enzyme that enables cows to break down cellulose)

35.  Recycle, decompose or break down dead material.  Break down of human sewage.  Nitrogen fixing bacteria.  Fig 17-18 Beneficial Roles of Bacteria

36. Bacterial Diseases- Examples  Diphtheria  Tuberculosis  Typhoid fever  Tetanus  Anthrax  Botulism  Lyme Disease  Salmonella  Tooth decay

37. Controlling Bacteria  Antibiotics  Heat, disinfectants  Refrigeration  Sterilization by boiling, frying, steaming, canning,  Salting and pickling.