1. Functions Exercise 5

2. Functions a group of declarations and statements that is assigned a name  effectively, a named statement block  usually has a value a sub-program  when we write our program we always define a function named main  inside main we can call other functions which can themselves use other functions, and so on…

3. Example - Square #include double square(double a) { return a*a; } int main(void) { double num; printf("enter a number\n"); scanf("%lf",&num); printf("square of %g is %g\n",num,square(num)); return 0; } This is a function defined outside main Here is where we call the function square

4. Why use functions? they can break your problem down into smaller sub-tasks  easier to solve complex problems generalize a repeated set of instructions  we don’t have to keep writing the same thing over and over  printf and scanf are good examples… they make a program much easier to read and maintain

5. Characteristics of Functions return-type name(arg_type1 arg_name1, arg_type2 arg_name2, …) { function body; return value; } double square(double a) { return a*a; } int main(void) { … }

6. Return Statement Return causes the execution of the function to terminate and returns a value to the calling function The type of the value returned must be the same as the return-type defined for the function (or a ‘lower’ type)

7. Exercise Write a program that gets a positive integer from the user and prints all the prime numbers from 2 up to that integer. (Use a function that returns 1 if its parameter is prime, 0 otherwise)

8. Solution is_prime_func.c

9. The Great Void Sometimes there’s no reason for a function to return a value In these cases, the function return type should be ‘ void ’ If the ‘ return ’ keyword is used within such a function it exits the function immediately. No value needs be specified

10. The Great Void Calling ‘ return ’ in a function returning void is not obligatory If the function receives no parameters, the parameter list should be replaced by ‘ void ’ (or just nothing)

11. Example void ShowHelp(void) { printf("This function explains what this program does…\n"); printf("Yadayadayada"); /*... */ } int main(void) { char choice; printf("Please enter your selection: "); scanf("%c", &choice); if (choice==‘h’) ShowHelp(); else if /* Program continues … */ }

12. Pass-by-value Function arguments are passed to the function by copying their values rather than giving the function direct access to the actual variables A change to the value of an argument in a function body will not change the value of variables in the calling function Example – add_one.c

13. add_one – step by step int add_one(int b) { b=b+1; return b; } int main(void) { int a=34,b=1; a = add_one(b); printf("a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b); return 0; } ab 341 main() memory state

14. ab 341 int add_one(int b) { b=b+1; return b; } int main(void) { int a=34,b=1; a = add_one(b); printf("a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b); return 0; } main() memory state add_one – step by step

15. ab 341 b 1 add_one memory state main() memory state int add_one(int b) { b=b+1; return b; } int main(void) { int a=34,b=1; a = add_one(b); printf("a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b); return 0; }

16. int add_one(int b) { b=b+1; return b; } int main(void) { int a=34,b=1; a = add_one(b); printf("a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b); return 0; } ab 341 add_one – step by step b 2 add_one memory state main() memory state

17. ab 341 add_one – step by step b 2 add_one memory state main() memory state int add_one(int b) { b=b+1; return b; } int main(void) { int a=34,b=1; a = add_one(b); printf("a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b); return 0; }

18. add_one – step by step ab 21 main() memory state int add_one(int b) { b=b+1; return b; } int main(void) { int a=34,b=1; a = add_one(b); printf("a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b); return 0; }

19. add_one – step by step ab 21 main() memory state int add_one(int b) { b=b+1; return b; } int main(void) { int a=34,b=1; a = add_one(b); printf("a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b); return 0; }

20. Riddle me this #include int factorial(int n) { int fact = 1; while (n>1) { fact *= n; n--; } return fact; } int main(void) { int n; printf("enter a number\n"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("%d!=%d\n", n, factorial(n)); /* What will this print? */ printf("n = %d\n", n); return 0; }

21. Scope of variables A variable declared within a function is unrelated to variables declared elsewhere, even if they have the same name A function cannot access variables that are declared in other functions Example – scope.c

22. Wrong way to do it int add_one(int b) { a=b+1; } int main(void) { int a=34,b=1; add_one(b); printf("a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b); return 0; }

23. Function Declaration Most software projects in C are composed of more than one file We want to be able to define the function in one file, and to use it in all files

24. Function Declaration For this reason, the function must be declared in every file in which it’s called, before it’s called for the first time the declaration contains: return_type Function_name(argument types);

25. Function Declaration #include int factorial(int a); /* Function Declaration! */ int main(void){ int num; printf("enter a number\n"); scanf("%d", &num); printf("%d != %d\n", num, factorial(num)); return 0; } int factorial(int a){ int i, b = 1; for(i = 1; I <= a; i++) b = b*i; return b; }

26. Function Declaration stdio.h actually contains a large set of function declarations The #include directive tells the compiler to insert these declarations into the file, so that these functions could be called

27. The math library A collection of mathematical functions Need to include the header file math.h ( #include ) Use functions of the library, e.g. double s,p; s = sqrt(p); Declared in math.h : double sqrt (double x);

28. The math library sin(x), cos(x), tan(x)  x is given in radians asin(x), acos(x), atan(x) log(x) sqrt(x) pow(x,y) – raise x to the yth power. ceil(x), floor(x) …and more

29. Exercise Write a function that uses the formula in order to approximate . The function should accept an argument n which determines the number of terms in the formula. It should return the approximation of . Write a program that gets an integer n from the user, and approximate  using n terms of the above formula.

30. Solution pi.c

31. Exercise Modify the previous function that approximates . The function should accept an argument specifying the desired accuracy, and keep adding terms until the contribution of the next term drops below this level. Write a program that gets a (small) double epsilon from the user, and approximates  within this function.

32. Solution pi_eps.c

33. The debugger Some programs may compile correctly, yet not produce the desirable results. These programs are valid and correct C programs, yet not the programs we meant to write! The debugger can be used to follow the program step by step and may help detecting bugs in an already compiled program.

34. The debugger’s common features Setting breakpoints (a point where the execution stops): bring the cursor to desired line and press the palm icon or F9. A dark red dot appears near the line. Executing a debugged run: Build->start debug->go or F5. The program will run and stop at the first breakpoint.

35. The debugger’s common features (cont.) Stopping at a specific line: Bringing the cursor to the line and press ctrl+F10, or Build->start debug->go to cursor. The program will stop at that point. Stepping to the next line – F10. Entering a function – F11. Seeing variable values – quickwatch and/or debug window at the bottom. The yellow arrow indicates our whereabouts at any given moment.