1. Pathogen Reduction Dialogue Panel 4 May 7, 2002 The Costs and Benefits of Adopting Food Safety Interventions. Michael Ollinger

2. Market versus Government Allocation of Product Quality Firms will invest in food safety quality only if it is profitable to do so. This requires a clear signal to buyers linking the firm to product quality. If firms are not able to clearly signal their own quality, then government intervention is warranted.

3. The Decision-Making Criteria for Food Safety Interventions Toolkit –Firms Use Net Present Value Calculations –Government Uses Cost Benefit Analysis gatekeeper Purpose –gatekeeper function (Antle, 1995) –choose among proposals (MacDonald, 1996)

4. Net Present Values Calculations of Firms versus Government Cost Benefit Analyses Net Present Value: I < non-food safety profit +market value of food safety Cost Benefit Analysis: I+G< non-food safety profit +market value of food safety +value of public health benefits

5. Market Mechanisms Accruing Health Benefits Private Investment with Health Benefits as Unintended Consequence (Profit>0) Example: investments in automated handling systems.

6. Market Mechanisms Accruing Health Benefits Private Investment Yields an Obvious Change in Food Safety Quality (Profits>0) Example: irradiation.

7. Market Mechanisms Accruing Health Benefits Contractual Arrangements Yielding Health Benefits (Profit>0) Single source suppliers of raw or nonbranded products Branded Products Buyer Contracts Explicitly Requiring Additional Quality Control

8. Example of Food Safety Quality Contract No Contract: Profits=($1.00-$0.80)/pound*10 million pounds =$2.00 million Contract with $0.03 per pound in quality costs: Profits= ($1.00-$0.80-$0.03)/pound *12 million pounds =$2.16 million

9. Instances When Private Markets Fail More than one supplier of generic meat products Source of foodborne illness not identified Consumer illness not recognized as foodborne illness

10. FSIS Incentives Driving Private Investments That Yield Health Benefits A. Shift Responsibility for Quality to Industry 1. Increase Industry Food Safety Investment, Voluntary Total Quality Control Programs, 5% adoption; Mandatory HACCP, 100% adoption. 2. Reduce FSIS non-health related responsibilities New Linespeed Inspection System, 33% adoption

11. FSIS Incentives Driving Private Investments That Yield Health Benefits Example:Not all plants use New Linespeed Inspection System Initial Conditions: FSIS limits linespeed to 70 bird/minute, but 10 workers at plants A and B can produce 120 and 70 birds/minute Change: linespeed of 90 birds/minute allowed with 2 new workers Result: Only plant A benefits so only it changes. Conclusion: plant technology determines adoption.

12. FSIS Incentives Driving Private Investments That Yield Health Benefits B. Greater Regulatory Stringency to raise the cost of weak food safety quality control Examples: Larger sample sizes used for zero tolerance organisms: 1. E coli 0157:H7: favors poultry/pork over beef slaughter 2.Listeria monocytogenes: favors slaughter over processors

13. FSIS Incentives Driving Private Investments That Yield Health Benefits C. New Regulations Raise Food Safety Costs. 1 Performance standard: tolerance for target organism Example: four plants affected by regulation. Two meet the standard; do nothing. Plants A and B must change. Plants A and B slaughter 500,000 and 5,000 head per year

14. FSIS Incentives Driving Private Investments That Yield Health Benefits Performance Standard Example (continued) Option 1: steam pasteurization ($1 million with 5 year life) Cost of pasteurizer: $0.40 per head at “A”; $4.00 per head at “B” Option 2: better dehiding training ($10,000 per 5,000 animals); worker turnover of once a year at “A”; once every 5 years at “B.” Cost of dehiding: $2.00 per head at “A”; $0.40 per head at “B”. Result: “A” pasteurizes and “B” changes dehiding operations. Conclusion: plants choose least cost method; least distortion.

15. FSIS Incentives Driving Private Investments That Yield Health Benefits C. New Regulations Raise Food Safety Costs. Process standard: mandated practices or technology. Example 1: Per Unit of Time Process Standard. Requirement: Plants expected to clean hand tools once per hour. Plant Size: Plants A and B process 100 and 5 animals per hour. Productivities at plants A and B: 100 and 5 animals/cleaning.

16. FSIS Incentives Driving Private Investments That Yield Health Benefits Example 2: Per Unit Volume Process Standard Requirement: Plants must clean hand tools once every 5 animals Productivity: 5 animals per cleaning for plants A and B Conclusion: Volume standards have less distortion than time standards. Selected process may not be effective against target organisms. Process standards less efficient than performance standard.

17. Summary: Markets fail because food safety quality cannot be easily measured Some Market Mechanisms to Overcome Lack of Information 1. Irradiation 2. Contracting directly for improved food safety quality. 3. Creating brand name products. 4. Inadvertent contracts leading to food safety.

18. Summary: Incentives Offered by FSIS 1. Shift responsibility for quality to industry 2. Raise food safety costs by increasing regulatory stringency. 3. Increase food safety investment with new regulations. -performance standards less costly relative to process ones. -process standards on a per unit basis are least distorting.

19. Summary: Assessment Markets need information to function properly FSIS has mainly raised regulatory costs but has provided little information to buyers. FSIS has information on HACCP performance, Salmonella standards, and generic E coli requirements. Option 1: permit labels stating performance of quality control. Option 2: publish performance rating directly or use a proxy