1. March 21 Physics 54 Lecture Professor Henry Greenside

2. Key Points from Previous Lecture

3. Today’s Topics Finish Chapter 29: Generators, motors, transformers, power lines. Lenz’s law: how to predict the direction of an induced current.

4. Faraday’s Law Explains How AC Generators Work

5. Worked Example of Generator A coil with area 2 m 2 rotates in a 0.01 T magnetic field at a frequency f = 60 Hz. How many turns are needed to generate a peak voltage of 160 V?

6. PRS Question For what orientation of this loop is the strongest mechanical force (torque) needed to turn the loop? (1) horizontal (2) vertical (3) 45 o as shown (4) some other angle

7. Generation of Energy: Motion to Electricity

8. Motor is Generator Running Backwards Understand From qv x B or IL x B Forces

9. Biological Motors Most Efficient Known Kinesin and dynesin

10. Transformer: Valuable Application of Faraday’s Law Key insight: iron core makes flux  p through primary coils on left equal to flux  s through secondary coils on right. Therefore:

11. Worked Transformer Example A transformer for home use of a portable radio reduces 120 V ac to 9.0 V ac. The secondary coil contains 30 turns and the radio draws 400 mA. Calculate: a. the number of turns in the primary. b. the current in the primary. c. the power consumed.

12. PRS Question

13. Why Transformers Are Useful

14. Worked Example: Power Lines An average of 120 kW of electric power is sent to a small town from a power plant 10 km away. The transmission lines have a total resistance of 0.40 . Calculate the power loss if the power is transmitted at (a) 240 V and (b) 24,000 V.

15. Edison Versus Westinghouse: DC Versus AC Power Transmission Thomas Edison (1847-1931) (1846-1914)

16. Lenz’s Law (1833): How to Deduce The Minus Sign in Faraday’s Law Changing magnetic flux in a coil causes an induced current to flow such that the new magnetic field created by the induced current opposes the change in flux. How to use Lenz’s law to get direction of induced current: 1.Determine whether number of flux lines of some orientation through given area is increasing or decreasing. 2.Use right hand rule to choose direction of current in circuit that decreases or increases the number of flux lines in given direction, opposing trend of step 1. Note: Lenz’s law is the conservation of energy in disguise. If current went wrong way, could create energy for free.

17. Examples of Lenz’s Law Will work these out on the white board: 1.Which way does induced current flow? 2.What is direction of force acting on loop?

18. PRS Question If magnetic field strength |B| increases at constant rate with same direction, 1. bar will move to right. 2. bar will move to left. 3. bar will not move at all.

19. Nothing Gold Can Stay By Robert Frost Nature's first green is gold, Her hardest hue to hold. Her early leaf's a flower; But only so an hour. Then leaf subsides to leaf. So Eden sank to grief, So dawn goes down to day. Nothing gold can stay.