1. Prokaryotic Translation Three stages Initiation: binding of ribosome (containing rRNAs and proteins) and aminoacyl tRNA to mRNA. Elongation: addition of one aa at a time to the growing polypeptide chain. Termination: release of finished polypeptide from tRNA and dissociation of ribosome from mRNA.

2. Preinitiation: tRNA charging; Dissociation of ribosome

3. Structure of tRNA D

4. Structure of aminoacyl-tRNA ACC IACC I Length: 76 (74-95) residues. Extra arm (variable loop): Class I tRNA: 3-5 bases Class II tRNA: 13-21 bases; ~5 bases in the stem. Additional types of base pairing: G·U, G· , A· . Less stable Positions: Invariant: maintain 2 O structure Semiinvariant (other Pu or Py) Name of tRNA: tRNA 1 tRNA 2 Name of charged tRNA: Tyr-tRNA Tyr

5. tRNA are processed from longer precursors

6. Modified nucleosides found in tRNA  The bases are modified (>50 different types) after transcription by specific tRNA- modifying enzymes to affect the efficiency of charging and pairing properties. 

7. 3-D Structure of tRNA Tertiary structure of tRNA is created by H-bonding: Secondary H-bonds; Tertiary H-bonds (formed between unpaired invariant and semiinvariant bases) RNA-RNA double helices (11 bp/turn)

8. tRNA charging Activated amino acid At least 20 synthetases exist, one for each amino acid. Isoaccepting tRNAs are recognized by the same synthetase.

9. tRNA charging Recognition depends on an interaction between a few points of contact in tRNA, mostly at the acceptor stem and anticodon, and a few amino acids constituting the active site in the enzyme.

10. Binding of tRNA synthetase with tRNA Two classes of tRNA synthetase: Class I tRNA synthetases Aminoacylate the 2’-OH group of the terminal A of the tRNA. Approach the tRNA from the D-loop and acceptor stem minor groove side. Class II tRNA synthetases Aminoacylate the 3’-OH group of the terminal A of the tRNA. Approach the tRNA from the variable arm and acceptor stem major groove side (the opposite side of tRNA that contacts the class I enzyme).

11. tRNA Synthetase Location of varies Each class contains about 10 enzymes

12. Binding of tRNA synthetase with tRNA Class IClass II

13. Recognition of correct tRNA by tRNA synthetase is achieved by two steps: Association Aminoacylation

14. Recognition of correct amino acid by tRNA synthetase is also achieved by two steps (every synthetase undergoes proofreading at either stage), which occurs only in the presence of cognate tRNA.

15. Ile-tRNA synthetase has two active sites for sieving the cognate amino acid Synthetic site: activation of amino acid Editing site: hydrolysis of incorrrect aminoacyl-tRNA

16. Accuracy of charging tRNA Ile by its synthetase depends on error control by two steps

17. Meaning of tRNA is determined by its anticodon alone

18. Structure of Ribosome r-

19. 70S 50S 30S Remove Mg 2+

20. Arrangement of proteins and 16S rRNA in S30 subunit Central domain Both 30S and 50S subunits are self-assembled in vitro. In 30S subunit, S4 and S8 bind to 16S rRNA first, other proteins then join sequentially and cooperatively. RNA is concentrated at the interface with the 50S subunit.

21. 16S rRNA Secondary structure of 16S rRNA and interaction of this RNA with proteins and tRNA were studied by primer extension and crosslinking, and other techniques.

22. Features of rRNAs rRNAs have considerable 2 o structure (This is analyzed by comparing the sequences of corresponding rRNAs in related organisms). About 2% of the residues in rRNAs are methylated, which may be important for ribosomal function. Interaction of rRNA with some ribosomal protein induce conformational change of rRNA so that it can interact with another protein. rRNA interacts with mRNA or tRNA at each stage of translation. The proteins are necessary only to maintain the rRNA in a structure in which rRNA can perform the catalytic function. Conformation of rRNAs is flexible during protein synthesis. The 3’ terminus of 16S rRNA pairs with the SD sequence of mRNA at initiation. rRNA contacts the tRNA at parts of the structure that are universally conserved.

23. Translation initiation 1.Dissociation of ribosome. 2.Binding of IF-3 to 30S subunit to prevent reassociation of ribosome. 3.Binding of IF-1 and IF-2 (with GTP) alongside IF-3. 4.Binding of mRNA and fMet-tRNA f Met to form 30S initiation complex. 5.Binding of 50S subunit with loss of IF-1 and IF-3. 6.Dissociation of IF-2 with hydrolysis of GTP to form 70S initiation complex.

24. Recycle of ribosome and initiation factors

25. Ribosomes bind to mRNA at a special sequence Ribosomal protein S12 and 16S rRNA, are responsible for recognition of the SD sequence. A conserved sequence near the 3’-end of 16S rRNA pairs with the SD sequence. Ribosomal binding to the SD sequence provides a means for controlling gene expression. IF-3 is the primary factor for mRNA binding to ribosome. IF-1 and IF-2, which bind near IF-3, assist assembly of 30S initiation complex. (about 30 nt) mRNA sequence protected by ribosome

26. This initiator tRNA recognizes codons AUG (90%), GUG (8%), or UUG (1%) that lies within a ribosome-binding site. fMet-tRNA f as initiator tRNA Formation of fMet-tRNA f tRNA f is different from tRNA m ; the former goes to the first AUG codon and the methionine of the later can not be formylated. Met

27. Formylation is not strictly necessary for the initiator tRNA to function in initiation. It is the tRNA part of fMet-tRNA f that makes it the initiating aminoacyl- tRNA. IF-2 ensures only the initiator tRNA goes to the P-site at initiation. Features of fMet-tRNA f Met

28. IF2-GTP joins complex Initiator tRNA joins 30S-mRNA complex 50S joins and all factors are released IF2 is needed to bind fmet- tRNA f to 30S-mRNA complex Formation of 70S initiation complex

29. Removal of formyl group Removal of methionine Deformylase Aminopeptidase In bacteria and mitochondria, formyl group, and sometimes the methionine, is removed during translation.