2. Exam Format  105 Total Points  25 Points Short Answer  20 Points Fill in the Blank  15 Points T/F  45 Points Multiple Choice  The above are approximations

3. Example Short Answer  What are the three parts of the execution cycle?

4. Example T/F problem T F The ALU is not part of the CPU.

5. Example Multiple Choice How many bits are in a byte? A) 4 B) 8 C) 10 D) 16 E) 256

6. Building the CPU  20 Points  Boolean logic (AND, OR, NOT)  Gates, circuits, truth tables  Truth tables  AND, OR, NOT  Draw a truth table from a circuit  Understand example CE circuit from class

7. Putting it All Together  25 Points  All information is digital  The more bits you have, the more different things you can represent  2 bits is a formula for determining the number of things you can represent  Von Neumann Architecture  Data and instructions stored in memory and logically the same  Should be able to draw it (with labels)

8. Putting it all Together (cont.)  Memory  RAM  Store and Fetch  Cache  Input/ Output  Secondary storage is much slower than RAM  Why might your program run faster if you add more RAM?

9. Putting it all Together (cont.)  Central Processing Unit (CPU)  Instruction Sets Machine Language  Control Unit / Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)  Execution Cylce - Fetch/Decode/Execute  Registers (Program Counter, Instruction Pointer, Accumulator)

10. Building Software 8 Points Phases of development Requirements gathering Writing Specifications Writing the Code Testing Maintenance and Support The longest of the phases High-level Language Closer to English Compiler Converts a high level language program to machine language for a particular computer.

11. System Software and File Systems  15 Points  Operating systems  Basic Input/Output (BIOS)  What are the main functions of the OS?  What resources does the OS manage?  Know some of the names of the main Operating Systems (Windows, Mac, Unix, Linux)  File Systems  File Types  Text vs. Binary  File protection  Files need to be world readable to be shared on the web  Directory Trees  Absolute vs. Relative Paths  Current directory “.”  Parent Directory “..”

12. Information Systems  20 points  Spreadsheets  Cells  Values  Formulas  =A1+B1….common form of a formula  IF, SUM, AVERAGE  Concepts from homework assignment  Databases  Relational Databases  Information stored in Tables  Keys  Relationships  Every field should have just one piece of data and no data should be duplicated  Structured Query Language (SQL) used to add, modify, delete database content

13. Digital Audio  5 Points  What is sound?  Analog vs Digital representation of sound  What is sampling?  Sampling rate (44.1 kHz)  Sampling depth (bits per sample, e.g. 16 for CD quality)  File size of sampled file  MPEG Compression  What is it?  What factors influence compression?  Be able to estimate the size of a file based on the sampling rate and bit depth.

14. Digital Images  5 Points  What is a pixel?  What is resolution?  What if I have more pixels?  Larger files, better quality  More bits used for each pixel, the more colors I can represent.

15. Homework Assignments 20 points Do each assignment and understand what you did. Remember something about the assignment details. For example, “I imported a plain text file into Google Docs.” Remember what tools you used for what task. You will not have to know the details of what key or menu item to use for a specific task. Do each assignment and understand what you did. Remember something about the assignment details. For example, “I had to figure out the mileage by car and by foot to my elementary school.” Remember what tools you used for what task. You will not have to know the details of what key or menu item to use for a specific task. You will have to know simple formulas for spreadsheets.

16. How to Study  Look at homework assignments.  Use study groups.  Read the book.  Memorize, but understand.  Don’t stay up late!! Get some sleep and eat a good breakfast.

17. What to bring  Pencils and erasers  We will provide scratch paper  No calculators or cell phones

18. Questions