1. EEA expert meeting Copenhagen 10 June 08 GHG methodologies for bioenergy beyond biofuels 1 ifeu – Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg Expert Meeting on LCA GHG methodologies for bioenergy beyond biofuels EEA Copenhagen, 10 June 2008 Beyond biofuels methodological and data issues for bioenergy current work in Germany Horst Fehrenbach in cooperation with

2. EEA expert meeting Copenhagen 10 June 08 GHG methodologies for bioenergy beyond biofuels 2 … more than biodiesel and ethanol (Solid) Biomass is in use since the Stone Age. Even today 10 % of world energy use is solid biomass – traditionally applied (cooking and heating). Today’s technologies are highly efficient. Biogas is much notably presumed to be efficient and environmentally sound. And can be even as fuel for transport.

3. EEA expert meeting Copenhagen 10 June 08 GHG methodologies for bioenergy beyond biofuels 3 … more than biodiesel and ethanol  However biomass for electricity and heat has to be judged by the same measure as biofuels for transportation.  But there are a number of special issues concerning bioenergy fuel.

4. EEA expert meeting Copenhagen 10 June 08 GHG methodologies for bioenergy beyond biofuels 4 Need for action in Germany The Renewable Energy Act (EEG): benefits several types of renewable energy, so biomass for energy use. The currently amended version empowers the government to pass a regulation defining sustainable production and use of biomass. Analogously to the Biomass Sustainability Regulation (biofuel for transportation) = analogously to RES Directive

5. EEA expert meeting Copenhagen 10 June 08 GHG methodologies for bioenergy beyond biofuels 5 Need for action in Germany Ministry for Environment (BMU) and Federal Environment Ageny (UBA) requested IFEU and Öko-Institut to adapt the biofuel GHG methodology for biomass for energy and to develop default values.

6. EEA expert meeting Copenhagen 10 June 08 GHG methodologies for bioenergy beyond biofuels 6 Selected solid biomass Wood Chopped wood and/or pellets harvested from Short rotation forestry (SRF) Pellets - from thinning or other forestry measures - from wood-working co-products (e.g. saw-dust) Ligno-cellulosic materials Straw and stalks from cereal production organic waste

7. EEA expert meeting Copenhagen 10 June 08 GHG methodologies for bioenergy beyond biofuels 7 Selected biogas systems Produced biomass Maize Silage (EU) Co-products Stillage from EtOH production organic waste Biowaste (households, restaurants etc.) Manure

8. EEA expert meeting Copenhagen 10 June 08 GHG methodologies for bioenergy beyond biofuels 8 Selected liquid biofuels The ones yet considered within the BSR (  rapeseed oil, soybean oil, palm oil But also  Jatropha oil

9. EEA expert meeting Copenhagen 10 June 08 GHG methodologies for bioenergy beyond biofuels 9 Selected technique for usage Solid biomass: CHP (Stirling motor) (gasification) Biogas Liquid biofuels CHP (gas motor) upgrading to biomethane and diverse use CHP

10. EEA expert meeting Copenhagen 10 June 08 GHG methodologies for bioenergy beyond biofuels 10 Differences in GHG methodology compared to liquid biofuels f.tr. (RES, BioNachV) Above all: no need for a fundamentally different approach. However there is a number of specific aspects. Taking for example: appropriate time scale (longer term growing cycles), Special land use change issues concerning carbon stock, (if forestry technology is changing or SRF is implemented) co-products - energy wood harvested by thinning, other forest co-products - agricult. residues (e.g. straw is waste acc. to RES) Waste: alternative treeatment/use/non-use (e.g. manure)

11. EEA expert meeting Copenhagen 10 June 08 GHG methodologies for bioenergy beyond biofuels 11 Differences in GHG balancing methods compared to liquid biofuels Most decisive: the “Use Phase” For liquid biofuel for transportation minor (negligible) issue For energy use: efficiency is the decisive parameter. Connected issue: what kind of energy is replaced?  system boundary  reference system

12. EEA expert meeting Copenhagen 10 June 08 GHG methodologies for bioenergy beyond biofuels 12 System boundary Land use change e.g. natural forest to short rotation forest Production of biomass (forestry, agriculture) Transport of biomass Conversion process (where required) Transport of converted / processed biomass Use phase (which way, which efficiency) Starting point if biomass is waste Co-products?  allocation Requirements for replaced reference system power heat Co-products?  allocation Alternative treatment or use or non-use

13. EEA expert meeting Copenhagen 10 June 08 GHG methodologies for bioenergy beyond biofuels 13 What reference system Electricity: regional differentiation:  is it fair to have different references per country?  „better use biomass in DE, UK than in FR, SE“ Average or marginal or …?  average mix: is this an appropriate reference ?  marginal effect: can this be defined in an accurate way? Model?

14. EEA expert meeting Copenhagen 10 June 08 GHG methodologies for bioenergy beyond biofuels 14 What reference system example: electricity from wood compared with diverse national averages Average mix from several countries

15. EEA expert meeting Copenhagen 10 June 08 GHG methodologies for bioenergy beyond biofuels 15 Default values? First: we are on the way to figure out the bunch of sensitive parameters and the bandwidth due to the number of open options.