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Foot & Lower Leg
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Metatarsals (long foot bones) Tarsals (small bones near ankle)
Bones of the Foot Phalanges (toe bones) Metatarsals (long foot bones) Tarsals (small bones near ankle)
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Transverse Metatarsal Inner longitudinal Outer longitudinal
Four Arches of the Foot Transverse Metatarsal Inner longitudinal Outer longitudinal
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Fibula (smaller bone lateral to tibia)
Bones of the Lower Leg Patella (kneecap) Tibia (shinbone) Fibula (smaller bone lateral to tibia)
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Each foot contains 26 bones and 38 joints!!
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Stress Fractures
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Exercise too severe or long in duration
Causes of Stress Fxs Exercise too severe or long in duration lack of exercise (results in weakening of the bone)
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Increased pain when athlete exercises POINT TENDERNESS
S/S of Stress Fxs Increased pain when athlete exercises POINT TENDERNESS may be mistaken for shin splints early x-rays may not detect!
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physician evaluation & x-rays
TX of Stress Fxs RICE physician evaluation & x-rays
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Turf Toe
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The ligaments supporting the big toe become sprained
Cause of Turf Toe The ligaments supporting the big toe become sprained usually due to hyperextension
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may be prevented with taping
Turf Toe Usually a minor injury may be prevented with taping
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Arch Sprains
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Sprain of the supportive ligaments in the foot
Arch sprains Sprain of the supportive ligaments in the foot
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Arch sprains once stretched, the ligaments fail to hold the bones of the foot in proper position
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Overuse overweight fatigue training on hard surfaces
Causes of Arch Sprains Overuse overweight fatigue training on hard surfaces wearing improper shoes
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Resulting problems:Arch sprains
Shin splints achilles tendon strain foot fatigue strained muscles
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TX: Arch Sprains RICE taping
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Heel Spur & Heel Bruise
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The heel receives, absorbs, and transfers much of the impact from sports activities...
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Heel Spur Bony growth on the heel that causes painful inflammation of the surrounding tissue
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Causes of Heel Spur Irritation due to repeated stretching of the plantar fascia (ligamentous tissue in the foot)
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Tx of Heel Spur Rest Proper footwear
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Muscle Spasms
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Sudden, violent contraction of a muscle
Muscle Spasms Sudden, violent contraction of a muscle
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Muscle Spasms: contributing factors (no specific cause)
Overwork in early season fatigue fluid loss foot structure Poor equipment incomplete rehab poor diet/nutrition
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controversial if massage is helpful or harmful
TX: Muscle Spasms Stretch muscle controversial if massage is helpful or harmful
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Blisters
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Blisters The layers of skin rub together and the friction causes separation. Fluid accumulates in the separation and puts pressure on the nerve endings. This causes PAIN!
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Recognize hot spots which are warning signs for blisters.
TX: Blisters Best tx is PREVENTION! Recognize hot spots which are warning signs for blisters. Use protective pads on suspect areas! Early use of Duct Tape!!!!!!!
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Don’t pop (risk of infection). Use donut pads around blister.
TX: Blisters Don’t pop (risk of infection). Use donut pads around blister. Don’t put pressure on the blister.
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Shin Splints
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Inflammation of the interosseous membrane
Shin Splints Inflammation of the interosseous membrane
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Lack of or sudden increase in level of conditioning
Causes of Shin Splints Lack of or sudden increase in level of conditioning improper/incomplete warmup/stretching muscle weakness or imbalance
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running on hard surfaces poor running habits improper running shoes
Causes of Shin Splints running on hard surfaces poor running habits improper running shoes poor foot structure
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Taping is usually not helpful PREVENTION!!!!!!! Strengthen and Stretch
TX: Shin Splints RICE Taping is usually not helpful PREVENTION!!!!!!! Strengthen and Stretch
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Anterior Compartment Syndrome
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ACS Hemorrhage/swelling inside compartment increases pressure on the nerves, the veins, and the arteries…this can cause death of the muscle cells!
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Causes of ACS Direct trauma excessive exercise
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Pain even after slowing down/stopping Pain even after cold treatment
S/S ACS Pain even after slowing down/stopping Pain even after cold treatment numbness of foot
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DON’T use the RICE method!!!!!!
TX ACS DON’T use the RICE method!!!!!! Compression and elevation will exacerbate the problem! DO use COLD and REST!!!
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Treat this as a medical emergency!
TX ACS Treat this as a medical emergency!
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TX ACS Misdiagnosis may lead to a worsening of the condition, permanent nerve damage, and disability!
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Other Foot Problems
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Athlete’s Foot (caused by fungus) Ingrown toenails Corns & Calluses
Other Foot Problems Athlete’s Foot (caused by fungus) Ingrown toenails Corns & Calluses Plantar warts (caused by virus)
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