1. Anxiety and Stress

2. Anxiety Apprehension Anticipatory - “Anxious Apprehension”
Future-oriented mood state in which one is ready or prepared to attempt to cope with upcoming negative events.
State of undirected arousal following perception of threat

3. Anxiety: It is an emotion?
Specific event
Physiological arousal
Subjective feelings
Behavior
Cognitive Appraisals
How are fear and anxiety different?

4. “Something bad now, very soon” “Something bad in the future”
Fear
Anxiety
Cognitive Appraisals
“Something bad now, very soon”
“Something bad in the future”
Controllable, Novel, Unexpected, Can Cope, Close in Time.
Uncontrollable, Unexpected, Can’t Cope, Far In Time
Physiology
Weak limbs, heart races, dry mouth
Tension
Behavior
Flee, desire to escape, can cope successfully!
Limited responses, can’t cope, don’t know how to cope
Subjective Feelings
Unpleasant, highly arousing
Unpleasant highly arousing, helplessness
Timing
Occurs post-stimulus
Occurs pre-stimulus

5. Attention: Fear vs. Anxiety
Focuses our attention to threatening stimuli
Post-Stimulus
Anxiety:
Maintains our attention to threatening stimuli, especially highly fearful stimuli
Pre-stimulus

6. Genetic Structure: Anxiety vs. Fear
Animal
Phobia
Situational
Anxiety
Social Phobia
Panic &
Agor.
PTSD
GAD
Depression
(Hettema et al., 2005)

7. Brain Activation: Anxiety versus Fear
(Davis & colleagues, 1998, 2003)

8. When fear becomes anxiety
Anxiety = unresolved fear
When the coping attempts for fear fail
Often in uncontrollable situation

9. Is Anxiety a Basic Emotion?
A few say yes!
Gray’s BIS
More say no!
Ekman, Izard, and Williams James!
No universal facial expressions.
But, universal appraisals.

10. Physiological Changes
SNS Activated
PNS Activated
What can anxiety disorders tell us about physiological changes of anxiety?

11. Physiological Measures
With PTSD
Without PTSD
With Previous PTSD
Physiological Measures

13. Subjective Feelings

15. Physiological Arousal
Fear Response
Combo!
Anxiety Response

16. What is the purpose of anxiety?
Automatic Processing: To detect/anticipate potential threats in our environment
Maintains our attention toward threatening stimuli (less likely to disengage)
To be aware of objects we consider most dangerous (e.g., phobias)

17. Automatic Processing and Threat Detection
Automatic, non-conscious mental activity gives us early warning system for detecting threat
Implication: You can know and not know something at the same time--not know it consciously, know it unconsciously
Basic technique: Backward masking

18. Backward Masking
1. Present picture of threatening stimulus very quickly (30 milliseconds) 
2. Immediately after threat photo is shown, show a non-threatening picture. The second picture is a mask, blocks first picture from consciousness. 
3. Reaction to first (masked) picture indicates unconscious processing

19. Automatic Processing of Fearful Stimuli: Results of Masked Stimuli Only

20. Anxiety Maintains Attention / Harder to Disengage
Dot Probe Detection Paradigm
Present two words above a cross.
Words were threatening or neutral.
Position of words varied.
A dot replaces one of two words.
Sometimes dot replaces threatening word.
Sometimes dot replaces neutral word.
Told to read top word aloud.
Press button when see the dot.
Measure reaction time to locating dot.

21. Dot probe detection paradigm

22. Dot probe detection paradigm
AGONY
FLOOR

23. Dot probe detection paradigm

24. Dot probe detection paradigm

25. Dot probe detection paradigm
AGONY
FLOOR

26. Dot probe detection paradigm

27. Anxiety Maintains Attention / Harder to Disengage
(MacLeod et al., 1986)

28. Dot probe detection paradigm
(Bradley et al., 1998)

29. Dot probe detection paradigm

30. Dot probe detection paradigm

31. Dot probe detection paradigm

32. Fear or Anxiety? Cut the rope! How to sing Cinderella Man
Jurassic Park

33. Anxiety: It is an emotion?
Specific event
Physiological arousal
Behavior
Appraisals
Subjective feelings

34. Is stress an emotion? Specific event Physiological arousal Behavior
Appraisals
Subjective feelings
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

35. 2 1 4 3 ACTIVATION INTRO VIDEO PIN YOUR ANSWER! PLEASANT UNPLEASANT
DEACTIVATION

36. 2 3 1 8 4 5 7 6 High PA PIN YOUR ANSWER! Strong Engagement PLEASANT
Low NA
High NA 8 4 5 7 6
UNPLEASANT
Disengagement
Low PA

37. Views of Stress
Seyle: stress is a response to significant changes in life events
Stress is a Basic Emotion!
Lazarus: stress is our interpretation of an event as threatening PLUS our perceived ability to cope
Stress is a mixed emotion!
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

38. GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME
(Selye, 1974)
Evidence for GAS: Cortisol
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

39. Action Unit 4 – Brow Lowerer Action Unit 26 – Jaws Drop
Action Unit 12 – Lip Corner Pull
Action Unit 25 – Lips part
Lazarus
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

40. Cortisol Changes – Onset of Stressor
***
***
***
***
*** **
(Dickerson & Kemeny, 2004)
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

41. Evidence for GAS: Vagal Tone
Cortisol Recovery
***
***
Evidence for GAS: Vagal Tone
(Dickerson & Kemeny, 2004)
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

42. (Fabes & Eisenberg, 1997)
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

43. (Fabes & Eisenberg, 1997)
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

44. (Fabes & Eisenberg, 1997)
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

45. Primary Appraisal: perceive a threat to oneself
Secondary Appraisal: assess whether one has the resources to cope with the threat
Coping: process of executing a response to the stressor.
(Lazarus, 1966; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984)
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

46. Primary Appraisal: Not passing my qualifying exams
Secondary Appraisal: Can I handle this? I can make a study schedule!
Coping: Study everyday from 8-5 and take off on Wednesday
Evidence for Lazarus
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood
(Lazarus, 1966; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984)

47. Think about your first exam.
Anticipating the exam…
Emotions?
Thursday
Waiting for your grade…
Saturday
Good grade!
Tuesday
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

48. Think about your first exam.
Anticipating the exam…
Emotions?
Thursday
Waiting for your grade…
Saturday
Good grade or bad grade?
Tuesday
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

49. 4 Types of Stress Emotions
Appraisal
Emotion
Threat
Worried, fearful, anxious
Challenge
Confident, hopeful, eager
Harm
Angry, sad, disappointed, guilty, disgusted
Benefit
Exhilarated, pleased, happy, relieved
(Folkman & Lazarus, 1985)
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

50. Stress is an unfolding process
Anticipatory Stage
2 days before mid-term T1
Waiting Stage
5 days after mid-term T2
Outcome Stage
2 days before grades announced T3
(Folkman & Lazarus, 1985)
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

51. Worried, fearful, anxious Challenge Confident, hopeful, eager
Appraisal
Emotion
Threat
Worried, fearful, anxious
Challenge
Confident, hopeful, eager
(Folkman & Lazarus, 1985)
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

52. Angry, sad, disappointed, guilty, disgusted Benefit
Appraisal
Emotion
Harm
Angry, sad, disappointed, guilty, disgusted
Benefit
Exhilarated, pleased, happy, relieved
(Folkman & Lazarus, 1985)
Evidence for Lazarus: Coping
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

53. ANS Activity Varies with Appraisal
Threat Appraisal
Increases in SNS arousal (increased cardiac activity)
Increases in PNS resistance(increased blood pressure)
Challenge Appraisal
Reduced or unchanged PNS activity
© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

54. Do you want to change your answer?
ACTIVATION
Do you want to change your answer? 1 2
PLEASANT
UNPLEASANT 4 3
DEACTIVATION

55. 2 3 1 8 4 5 7 6 High PA Strong Engagement PLEASANT Low NA High NA
UNPLEASANT
Disengagement
Low PA

56. THREAT
CHALLENGE

57. HARM
BENEFIT
HARM
BENEFIT
relieved

58. CHALLENGE
THREAT

59. BENEFIT
BENEFIT
HARM
BENEFIT
HARM
relieved