1. Entomology

2. Mosquitoes Have worldwide distribution Have worldwide distribution Morphology: 4-10 mm in size. Head: carries a pair of eye, a pair of long antennae and a mouth. In female: the mouth parts are adapted for piercing and sucking of blood. In male: the mouth parts are not well developed, it feeds only plant juice.

3. Thorax: It is three segmented. It carries three pairs of legs and one pair of wings covered by scales. Abdomen: Slender and long, it is made up of eight segments. Life cycle: Female mosquitoes lay eggs on water, which hatch releasing larvae, which then converted to pupa, then within two days, adults are formed and fly out of the water. Adults ----- eggs ------ larva ----- pupa ------ adult Acquatic stages of mosquitoes (living in water): 1- larva 2- pupa

4. Mosquitoes The commonest mosquitoes are: 1- Anopheles: Spotted wings (dark and pale spots of scales). 2- Culex: Unspotted wings and unspotted legs. 3- Aedes: spotted legs

6. Medical importance of Mosquitoes: 1- They act as vectors for human diseases a- Anopheles: a- Anopheles: 1- Malaria: infective stage: sporozoites Mode of transmission: bite of female anopheles, by which it injects the sporozoites into blood of man. 2- Filaria: (ex. Wuchereria bancrofti) Infective stage: infective larvae Mode of infection: bite of female mosquito by which it deposits the infective larva on human skin and the larva enter through the wound bite

7. 3- Arboviruses: Infective stage: virus Mode of transmission: bite of female mosquito injecting the virus with its saliva. B- Culex: 1- Arboviruses (similar to anopheles) 2- Filaria (similar to anopheles) C- Aedes: 1- Yellow fever: Infective stage: virus Mode of transmission: bite of female aedes mosquito

8. 2- Dengue fever: Infective stage: virus Mode of transmission: bite of female aedes mosquito 3- Filaria: (similar to anopheles) 4- Bacterial diseases: Infective stage: Treponema Mode of transmission: bite of female aedes mosquito 2- Diseases produced by mosquitoes: All types of mosquitoes produce dermatitis at the site of bite.

9. Adult anopheles: (spotted wings) We have to differentiate between male and female. Differentiation occurs by the mouth part -Male: dense hair. Maxillary palps are as long as the proboscis, with clubbing. -Female: less hair. Maxillary palps are as long as the proboscis, but they are slender with no clubbing.

12. Adult culex: (unspotted wings nor legs) We have to differentiate between male and female. Differentiation occurs by the mouth part -Male: dense hair. Maxillary palps are as long as the proboscis, they are slender. -Female: less hair. Maxillary palps are shorter than the proboscis.

14. Larva of anopheles and culex: Larva consists of head, thoracic and abdominal segments. -Culex: The 8 th abdominal segment carries a respiratory siphon. -Anopheles: No respiratory siphon.

16. Control of mosquitoes 1- Protection of man from bites of mosquitoes by: 1- Protection of man from bites of mosquitoes by: -Sleeping under nets -Wearing protective clothes -Using repellents -Living away from water collections. 2- Destruction of mosquitoes by: -Physical methods: drainage of any water collection on filling with sand

17. Control of mosquitoes -Chemical methods: Application of substances in water that are toxic to the acquatic stages, as paris green and petroleum oils. -Biological methods: Application of living organisms in water to eat the larva. Ex. gambusia fish eats the larvae. 3- Control of adult mosquitoes: By spraying insecticides By spraying insecticides

18. Sand flies (phlebotomus) Females are blood suckers, while males feed on plant juices. Morphology: 1.5 – 2.5 mm in size, yellowish in colour. Head, thorax and abdomen. Hairy, the hairs cover the body, wings and legs. Has humped thorax, attached to it one pair of wings and 3 pairs of legs. Male has claspers on the posterior end.

21. Medical importance of Phlebotomus: 1- They act as vectors for human diseases 1- Leishmania: infective stage: promastigotes Mode of transmission: bite of phlebotomus. 2- Phlebotomus fever: Infective stage: virus Mode of transmission: bite of phlebotomus. 3- Oroya fever (bartonellosis): Infective stage: Bartonella Mode of transmission: bite of phlebotomus.

22. 2- Diseases produced by phlebotomus: They produce dermatitis at the site of bite. Life cycle: Female phlebotomus lays eggs in cracks Adult ---- eggs ----- larva ---- pupa ----- adult

23. Control of sand fly: Sand flies have tendency to stay close to the ground and of short flight range. So, they are easily controlled. The control is by: 1- Insecticides 2- Filling of cracks. 3- Sleeping under nets 4- Application of repellants.

24. Musca (house fly) World wide in distribution. Morphology: Medium- sized flies, 6 – 9 mm in length. Head: contains 2 compound eyes and 3 simple eyes, 2 antennae and sucking mouth part. Thorax: carries 3 pairs of legs and one pair of wings. Abdomen: 4 segments. Life cycle: Female musca lays its eggs on garbages. Adult ----- eggs ---- larva ---- pupa ---- adult

25. Medical importance of musca: –Medical transmission of organisms on legs and body hairs: 1- Parasitic diseases: Cyst of Entamoeba histolytica, cyst of Giardia, eggs of Ascaris. 2- Bacterial diseases: Typhoid, Cholera. 3- Viral diseases: Poliomyelitis, Hepatitis.

26. Control of musca: A- Control of adult flies: -Wire screening of houses -Fly net over the food -Insecticides. B- Control of breeding places: -Garbage should be properly disposed -Sanitary disposal of excreta -Health education.