1. CISB594 – Business Intelligence Data Warehousing Part I

2. CISB594 – Business Intelligence Reference Materials used in this presentation are extracted mainly from the following texts, unless stated otherwise.

3. CISB594 – Business Intelligence Additional Reference “Data Mining: Concepts & Techniques” by Jiawei Han and Micheline Kamber

4. CISB594 – Business Intelligence Objectives At the end of this lecture, you should be able to: Understand the basic definitions and concepts of data warehouses Understand how a data warehouse differs from a database Describe the characteristics of data warehouse Describe data warehouse process overview Describe the different types of data warehouse architectures CISB594 – Business Intelligence

5. Data Warehouse “The data warehouse is a collection of integrated, subject- oriented databases design to support DSS functions, where each unit of data is non-volatile and relevant to some moment in time” A data warehouse is a repository of an organization's electronically stored data, designed to facilitate reporting and analysis. (Wikipedia)

6. CISB594 – Business Intelligence Data Warehouse A decision support database that is maintained separately from the organization’s operational database Support information processing by providing a solid platform of consolidated, historical data for analysis In your own words?

7. CISB594 – Business Intelligence 4 main characteristics of data warehousing 1.Subject oriented Organized around major subjects, such as customer, product, sales, containing only information relevant for decision support, unlike operational database which are product oriented Organized around major subjects, such as customer, product, sales, containing only information relevant for decision support, unlike operational database which are product oriented Focusing on the modeling and analysis of data for decision makers, not on daily operations or transaction processing Focusing on the modeling and analysis of data for decision makers, not on daily operations or transaction processing Provide a simple and concise view around particular subject issues by excluding data that are not useful in the decision support process Provide a simple and concise view around particular subject issues by excluding data that are not useful in the decision support process

8. CISB594 – Business Intelligence 4 main characteristics of data warehousing 2.Integrated Constructed by integrating multiple, heterogeneous data sources Constructed by integrating multiple, heterogeneous data sources Must place data from different sources into a consistent format, to do so they must deal with naming conflict and discrepancies Must place data from different sources into a consistent format, to do so they must deal with naming conflict and discrepancies Data cleaning and data integration techniques are applied Data cleaning and data integration techniques are applied Ensure consistency in naming conventions, encoding structures, attribute measures, etc. among different data sources Ensure consistency in naming conventions, encoding structures, attribute measures, etc. among different data sources When data is moved to the warehouse, it is converted When data is moved to the warehouse, it is converted

9. CISB594 – Business Intelligence 4 main characteristics of data warehousing 3. Time variant (time series) maintains historical data, data for analysis from multiple maintains historical data, data for analysis from multiple sources contain multiple time points The time horizon for the data warehouse is significantly longer than that of operational systems The time horizon for the data warehouse is significantly longer than that of operational systems Operational database: current value data Operational database: current value data Data warehouse data: provide information from a historical perspective (e.g., past 5-10 years) Data warehouse data: provide information from a historical perspective (e.g., past 5-10 years)

10. CISB594 – Business Intelligence 4 main characteristics of data warehousing 4. Non-volatile after data are entered into a data warehouse, users cannot change or update the data. after data are entered into a data warehouse, users cannot change or update the data. A physically separate store of data from the operational environment A physically separate store of data from the operational environment Operational update of data does not occur in the data warehouse environment Operational update of data does not occur in the data warehouse environment Does not require transaction processing, recovery, and concurrency control mechanisms Does not require transaction processing, recovery, and concurrency control mechanisms Requires only two operations in data accessing: Requires only two operations in data accessing: Initial loading of data and access of data Initial loading of data and access of data

11. CISB594 – Business Intelligence Data Warehouse Vs. Operational DBMS OLTP (on-line transaction processing) OLTP (on-line transaction processing) – Major task of traditional relational DBMS – Day-to-day operations: purchasing, inventory, banking, manufacturing, payroll, registration, accounting, etc. OLAP (on-line analytical processing) OLAP (on-line analytical processing) – Major task of data warehouse system – Data analysis and decision making Distinct features (OLTP vs. OLAP): Distinct features (OLTP vs. OLAP): – User and system orientation: customer vs. market – Data contents: current, detailed vs. historical, consolidated – Database design: ER + application vs. star + subject – View: current, local vs. evolutionary, integrated – Access patterns: update vs. read-only but complex queries

12. CISB594 – Business Intelligence OLAP Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) is an industry-accepted reporting technology that provides high- performance analysis and easy reporting on large volumes of data Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) is an industry-accepted reporting technology that provides high- performance analysis and easy reporting on large volumes of data The goal of OLAP, also known as multidimensional data analysis, is to provide fast and flexible data summarization, analysis, and reporting capabilities with the ability to view trends over time The goal of OLAP, also known as multidimensional data analysis, is to provide fast and flexible data summarization, analysis, and reporting capabilities with the ability to view trends over time

13. CISB594 – Business Intelligence OLAP OLAP applications, also called decision support systems (DSS), have the following features: OLAP applications, also called decision support systems (DSS), have the following features: – Enable users to look at different relationships in data by looking beyond traditional two-dimensional row and column data analysis – Offer high-performance access to large amounts of presummarized data – Give users the power to retrieve answers to multi- dimensional business questions quickly and easily – Provide slice-and-dice views of multiple relationships in large quantities of presummarized data

14. CISB594 – Business Intelligence OLTP OLTP (on-line transaction processing) – Major task of traditional relational DBMS – Day-to-day operations: purchasing, inventory, banking, manufacturing, payroll, registration, accounting, etc.

15. CISB594 – Business Intelligence OLTP vs OLAP OLTPOLAP UsersClerk, IT professionalKnowledge worker FunctionDay to day operationsDecision support DB DesignApplication-orientedSubject-oriented Data Current, up-to-date detailed, flat relational Isolated Historical, summarized, multidimensional, integrated, consolidated UsageRepetitiveAd-hoc Access Read/write Index/hash on prim. Key Lots of scans Unit of WorkShort, simple transactionComplex query # Records AccessedTensMillions # UsersThousandsHundreds DB Size100MB-GB100GB-TB MetricTransaction throughputQuery throughput, response

16. CISB594 – Business Intelligence Data Warehousing - Concept Data mart – Smaller and focuses on a particular subject or department. – It is a subset of data warehouse/departmental data warehouse – A data mart is a smaller DW designed around one problem, organizational function, topic, or other focus area. Can be Dependent data mart – A subset that is created directly from a data warehouse – Ensures that the end user is viewing the same version of the data that are accessed by all other data warehouse users Or Independent data mart – A small data warehouse designed for a strategic business unit or a department

17. CISB594 – Business Intelligence Data Warehousing - Concept Enterprise data warehouse (EDW) – A large scale data warehouse used across the enterprise for decision support – Used to provide data for many types of DSS, including CRM, supply chain management, BPM, KMS etc Metadata – Data about data. In a data warehouse, metadata describe the contents of a data warehouse and the manner of its use

18. CISB594 – Business Intelligence Data Warehousing Process Overview Organizations continuously collect data, information, and knowledge at an increasingly accelerated rate and store them in computerized systems The number of users needing to access the information continues to increase as a result of improved reliability and availability of network access, especially the Internet Creating of data warehouse involves the following: – Data are imported from various internal and external resources – Cleansed and organized to suit the organization’s needs. – Data marts can be loaded for specific department/area (alternatively data marts are created first and later integrated into EDW)

19. CISB594 – Business Intelligence Data Warehousing Process Overview The data warehousing process consists of the following steps: 1.Data are imported from various internal and external sources 2.Data are cleansed and organized consistently with the organization’s needs 3a. Data are loaded into the enterprise data warehouse 4a.If desired, data marts are created as subsets of the EDW —or— 3b.Data are loaded into data marts 4b.The data marts are consolidated into the EDW 5.Analyses are performed as needed

20. CISB594 – Business Intelligence Data Warehousing - Process Overview The major components of a data warehousing process Data sources Data sources. Data are sourced from operational systems and possibly from external data sources. Data extraction Data extraction. Data are extracted using custom-written or commercial software called ETL. Data loading Data loading. Data are loaded into a staging area, where they are transformed and cleansed. The data are then ready to load into the data warehouse. Comprehensive database Comprehensive database. This is the EDW that supports decision analysis by providing relevant summarized and detailed information. Metadata Metadata. Metadata are maintained for access by IT personnel and users. Metadata include rules for organizing data summaries that are easy to index and search. Middleware tools Middleware tools. Middleware tools enable access to the data warehouse from a variety of front-end applications.

21. Data Warehousing - Process Overview

22. CISB594 – Business Intelligence Data Warehousing Architectures There are several basic architectures for data warehousing To distinguished the architectures data warehouse is divided into three parts: The data warehouse itself Data acquisition (back-end) software, which extracts data from legacy systems and external sources, consolidates and loads into the data warehouse Client (front-end) software, which allows users access and analyze data from the warehouse

23. Data Warehousing Architectures CISB594 – Business Intelligence

24. Data Warehousing Architectures 1.Information interdependence between organizational units 2.Upper management’s information needs 3.Urgency of need for a data warehouse 4.Nature of end-user tasks 1.5. Constraints on resources 2.6. Strategic view of the data warehouse prior to implementation 3.7. Compatibility with existing systems 4.8. Perceived ability of the in-house IT staff 5.9. Technical issues 6.10. Social/political factors Ten factors that potentially affect the architecture selection decision: CISB594 – Business Intelligence

25. Now ask if.. You are able to: Understand the basic definitions and concepts of data warehouses Understand how a data warehouse differs from a database Describe the characteristics of data warehouse Describe data warehouse process overview CISB594 – Business Intelligence