1. The
American
Revolution:
APUSH

2. Locke and Jefferson John Locke’s Second Treatise of Government clearly influenced Thomas Jefferson as he wrote the Declaration of Independence
Treatise
Declaration
“The state of nature has a law to govern it”
“to preserve life, liberty and property”
“men being by nature all free, equal, and independent”
“for when any number of men have, by the consent of every individual, made a community, with a power to act as one body, which is only by the will and determination of the majority”
“Laws of Nature and Nature’s God”
“life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”
“all men are created equal”
“Governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed”

3. On the Eve of the Revolution ?
Britain
Americans
Advantages ?
Disadvantages

4. Comparison: Britain v Colonists
The “United States”
Large Population, wealthy
Professional trained, large army, help from Hessians and loyalists
Less familiar with land
Strong centralized gov’t to coordinate the war
Distractions by competitive European nations that wished to see Britain fail
Internal distractions to war commitment
Second rate military leaders
Fought offensive war
Small population, little wealth
Inexperienced soldiers, many citizen-based militia
More familiarity with land
Scattered colonial gov’ts; weak centralized gov’t
Aid of France to American side
Divisions between Loyalists and Patriots
More competent military leaders
Fought defensive war

5. Loyalist
Strongholds

6. Washington’s Headaches
Only 1/3 of the colonists were in favor of a war for independence [the other third were Loyalists, and the final third were neutral].
State/colony loyalties.
Congress couldn’t tax to raise money for the Continental Army.
Poor training [until the arrival of Baron von Steuben.

7. Exports & Imports:

8. Military Strategies The Americans The British
Attrition [the Brits had a long supply line].
Guerilla tactics [fight an insurgent war  you don’t have to win a battle, just wear the British down]
Make an alliance with one of Britain’s enemies.
Break the colonies in half by getting between the No. & the So.
Blockade the ports to prevent the flow of goods and supplies from an ally.
“Divide and Conquer”  use the Loyalists.

9. Phase I: The Northern Campaign [1775-1776]

10. The British suffered over 40% casualties.
Bunker Hill (June, 1775)
The British suffered over 40% casualties.

11. Phase II:
NY & PA [ ]

12. New York City in Flames (1776)

13. Washington Crossing the Delaware
Defeats the Hessians 1776 (Trenton, NJ); allows Army to head towards NY
Painted by Emanuel Leutze, 1851 –
Valley Forge – Pennsylvania Camp -Winter
– 2,000 men die of cold and disease

14. Saratoga: (NY) “Turning Point” of the War?
Significance: American victory convinces France to join their side in the war effort
SPAIN TOO!

15. Phase III: The Southern Strategy [1780-1781]

16. Britain’s “Southern Strategy”
Britain thought that there were more Loyalists in the South.
Southern resources were more valuable/worth preserving.
The British win a number of small victories, but cannot pacify the countryside [similar to U. S. failures in Vietnam!]
Good US General: Nathanial Greene

17. The Battle of Yorktown (1781)
“Franco-American Victory”
Count de Rochambeau
RESULT: Declaration of Independence formally accepted by British Parliament
Admiral De Grasse

18. Cornwallis’ Surrender at Yorktown:
“The World Turned Upside Down!”
Painted by John Trumbull, 1797

19. Why
did the British
Lose???

20. North America After the Treaty of Paris, 1783

21. Treaty of Paris
Took two years to negotiate after Yorktown; signed Sept. 1783
Ben Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay represent America
War very unpopular in Britain. Britain continues fight with France and Spain in West Indies (want quick negotiation with US)
US and Britain negotiated in secret

22. Treaty of Paris - 1783 Americans gain independence
Britain ceded so much land to America it ignored Indian territorial rights promised from French and Indian War
Sets US/Canda boundary today
America made out best in the end
New idea of “Republicanism” sets in

23. Republicanism
“The real revolution was the radical change in the principles, opinions, and sentiments, and affections of the people.” – John Adams
Republicanism – a gov’t based on elected assemblies with no king or established nobility
Based on Equality and Liberty

24. Articles of
Confederation
Government:

25. Wholesale Price Index: 1770-1789

26. Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist Strongholds at the End of the War

27. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
A unicameral Congress [9 of 13 votes to pass a law].
13 out of 13 to amend.
Representatives were frequently absent.
Could not tax or raise armies.
No executive or judicial branches.

28. State Constitutions Republicanism.
Most had strong governors with veto power.
Most had bicameral legislatures.
Property required for voting.
Some had universal white male suffrage.
Most had bills of rights.
Many had a continuation of state-established religions while others disestablished religion.

29. Occupational Composition of Several State Assemblies in the 1780s

30. Indian Land Cessions: 1768-1799

31. Disputed Territorial Claims Between Spain & the U. S.: 1783-1796

32. State Claims to Western Lands

33. Land Ordinance of 1785

34. Northwest Ordinance of 1787
One of the major accomplishments of the Confederation Congress!
Statehood achieved in three stages:
Congress appointed 3 judges & a governor to govern the territory.
When population reached 5,000 adult male landowners  elect territorial legislature.
When population reached 60,000  elect delegates to a state constitutional convention.

35. The United States in 1787

36. American Exports, To & From Britain: 1783-1789

37. Annapolis Convention (1786)
12 representatives from 5 states [NY, NJ, PA, DE, VA]
GOAL  address barriers that limited trade and commerce between the states.
Not enough states were represented to make any real progress.
Sent a report to the Congress to call a meeting of all the states to meet in Philadelphia to examine areas broader than just trade and commerce.

38. Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7 Daniel Shays Western MA
Small farmers angered by crushing debts and taxes.

39. Shays’ Rebellion:

40. Shays’ Rebellion:
There could be no stronger evidence of the want of energy in our governments than these disorders.
-- George Washington

41. Homework - Read 200-211 Readings – Write questions and answers on a separate sheet
1. Per your reading, what were some significant powers of the Articles of Confederation?
2. Why did Maryland and PA originally refuse to sign the AOC?
3. What was the main financial issue by 1780? What did Robert Morris try to do?
4. Why were the Land Ordinances of the 1780s so significant to the future of America?
5. Although Shay’s Rebellion failed, how did the Patriot Families view America leadership? How did the British view America as a result of this rebellion?
6. What dominated the postwar political agenda by 1787?
7. What were some of the major points of interest at the Constitutional Convention when the debate of slavery took place? (Use examples)

43. Articles of Confederation
Strengths/Weaknesses
STRENGTHS
WEAKNESSES
Declare war
Make treaties with other nations
Request funds from the states
Borrow and Print Money
Settle disputes b/n states
Land Ordinance of 1785
NW Ord. of 1787
No power to tax
No organized military
More state rights than central gov’t control\
- states had power to ignore the central gov’t
Federal $ and State $ - led major confusion over value
No executive and no judicial branch
National Congress – led by John Hancock
Large debts
France & Spain demanding their money back
9 out of 13 to pass law
13 out of 13 to Amend

44. Articles of Confederation
Leaders
Samuel Adams
Patrick Henry
Thomas Jefferson
James Madison
John Adams
George Washington
Alexander Hamilton

45. Short Answer – Class/Home
1. To what extent was the American Revolution a movement for the colonists’ civil rights? Provide examples.
2. “The Articles of Confederation could have worked if given enough time.” – Assess the validity of this quote with respect to the economic and political conditions of the 1780s.

46. Articles of Confederation