1. Islamic Intellectual Theology Lesson 5 – Tawheed Remaining Proofs of Existence of God Sources : ELAHIYAAT (Arabic) of Sh Ja’far Sobhani, vol. 1 (Summary) Notes: Dr. Sayed Fadhil Al-Milani International College of Islamic Studies (ICIS) Islamic Collage for Advanced Studies (ICAS) Edited: May 21, 2009 - BHD

2. 2. Proof of Motion  Arabic: BURHAAN AL-HARAKA  History: By Aristotle

3. Review From Lesson 3: Unmoved Mover  The universe is in flux and constantly in movement according to Aristotelian Physics.  Every movement has a mover which causes its movement.  The movement must end to an unmoving cause or initiator or the generator of all such movements in the universe.  The initiator or the prime mover is what we call God.  He created the movement thus HE cannot be under its affect

4. From ICIS - Sayed Milani: 1. Motion requires a mover 2. The mover and the motion must be associated in time (though there is a sequence in the rank and order but not necessary in time - SH SADR : moving the Key) 3. Every mover is either in motion or fixed 4. Every body is changing and in motion. 5. Infinite chain in the movers is impossible. 6. Therefore, the series of motions must go back to a fixed mover (the first mover), Who does not move or change and is the cause of every movement.

5. Example of the Movements  From the movement of the components of the atom to the movement of the solar system and galaxies, is must end to one cause of its movement.  The movement of the atoms in solid matter  Movement of the seed or sperm ending up into a tree or complete human  Even though some might appear in static for some time but starts to move later (seed)  All can be traced back all the way to the first cause of its movement who is static and not moving or changing absolutely.

6. 3. Proof of Detachment of the Soul  Arabic: BURHAN AL-TAJARUD AL-HUKAMAA (wise men)’  This proof is based on a study of the reality of the soul, for the intellect perceives that the intellectual soul is detached in its essence from materialism i.e. it is metaphysical, and can survive without the physical body (true dreams - paralyzed person)  Therefore it is impossible for the first cause of the soul to be a physical body, for if it was a body, it would have been caused by another body and would have been bound to limitations.  Conclusion: The cause of the soul has to be metaphysical, detached from matter and absolutely unlimited, and that is Allah (swt).

7. 4. Proof of Occurrence: Theologians 1. The world is changing continuously (renewing) 2. Everything that changes brings in new and eliminates the old (transmission from old to new- renovation ). Observe the human, the animal, plants, solid things. (the new body cells replace the old one daily) 3. Therefore: The world is in constantly becoming new (being renovated) 4. The renovation (caused by the change) requires a renovator, who is not being renovated or renewed or changed by another renovator because it can lead to either infinite chain or circulation (the way explained previously). 5. The change and renovation happens in an organized pattern cannot be out of coincidence or chance as claimed as said.

8. Problem with Coincidence  Coincidence does not repeat in one direction and in one pattern, it could take different direction and different patterns randomly. We see many things in nature take a constant speed and direction, such as the circulation of the earth and the solar system, the movements of the electrons in the atom, and if it is not affected by external forces or factors then it continues in its movement in a certain direction and pattern, and that can never be out of coincidence.  Coincidence cannot cause repetition of a phenomena in one direction.  If two dices are rolled the chance of having double 6 is 1/36

9. Example of Coincidence  If a stack of notes were numbered and arranged by its page numbers from 1-100, and after that the papers were shuffled and given to a blind person to rearrange them, what are the chances that he arranges them properly.  His chances of finding the page number 1 is 1/100 due to the random selection. And finding the second page has a chance of 1/99 and so on if it continues the chance of getting the whole note rearranged is 1/970200.. Which is close to impossible  1: 1/100 2: 1/99 3: For p.1 & 2 to occur at once: 1/99 X 1/100 4: For p. 1-2-3: 1/98 X 1/99 X 1/100 = 1/970200 etc.

10. Look at Human Beings  Every system in human has a purpose in its uniqueness, and has been repeating since the human existed. If these systems would have existed out of random then disparities would have been observed. Just imagine if the location of the human eye was done by random selection, than based on the probabilities of having it in same location very rarely you would have found the eye in its proper place. Rather someone would had it above the lip, on the cheek, on the head between the hair, behind the ear, Why just on the head, why not under the arm pit of between the legs or above the belly button.  Therefore its repeatedly existing on a particular location eliminates the possibility of the chance and coincidence.  Apply the above in all the systems from the digestive system to the reproductive system.

11. Question About Coincidence:  Why did the coincidence stop? Why doesn't another Earth come out of Coincidence? Why don’t we see weird and strange creatures popping out of no where? Why did the coincidences stop? That means if there was coincidence then some one has definitely stopped it.  Again who is this some one who stopped the coincidence? Coincidence happened in the past repeatedly and continuously assuming that it happened in a non random pattern then some one has stopped it, and so who could be this some one?  That some one must be above the universe to be able to stop such a coincidence, and that someone must have the power to stop it and prevent it from happening. Not just that but making it go in an organized direction, fashion, design and pattern. i.e. who stopped it from random existence to a regulated pattern.

12. Conclusion: Intelligent Designer, Not Coincidence or Chance  When applying the concept of exiting by coincidence such as billions and billions of atoms and celestial bodies moving in certain pattern and direction, and to consider that movement and change happening randomly and by chance is impossible.  If repeated coincidence is very rare in small probabilities like throwing the dices or seriously difficult in the example of rearranging the 100 pages, then it is impossible to picture the coincidence in the movement of the atoms of the universe and the universe it self in a certain pattern, direction and speed.  Therefore there has to be some one who originates such changes and movements.