1. Large Aperture Experiment to Detect the Dark Ages (LEDA) Jonathon Kocz CfA LWA Users Meeting 26th-27th July 2012

2. What are we looking for? LEDA EDGES Pritchard & Loeb 10

3. LEDA Summary Demonstrate a large-N correlator – A scalable design Suppression of systematics in total- power measurement – Array-based calibration, ionosphere, gain patters, etc – All-sky pulsar calibration of gain patterns Discovery of the HI absorption feature to infer the initial conditions of reionization Requires: – Implementing a full correlation backend for the LWA – Generalized package for warped snapshot cal/im – Discover HI absorption feature

4. Outriggers

5. Snapshot array and total power dipoles

6. Outriggers

7. Calibration and Imaging

8. Warped Snapshot

9. Stream through the visibility dataset generating calibration models and residual sky maps. Stream through the visibility dataset generating calibration models and residual sky maps. The residual maps, along with updated calibrator information, are used to update the sky model. The residual maps, along with updated calibrator information, are used to update the sky model. The whole process is repeated, using the updated sky and calibration models, until the residual images have converged. The whole process is repeated, using the updated sky and calibration models, until the residual images have converged. Subtract model visibilities: FFT distorted sky maps & sample with PB kernels RFI detection, flagging, etc. Update calibrator model and adjust visibility subtraction Calibrator measurements (peeling) k=0 (1st calibrator) k++ (next calibrator) Phase to calibrator k & average in time and freq. Measure ionospheric distortions Measure Jones matrices Resample images remove ionospheric & wide-field distortions FFT to form warped images Snapshot (residual) imaging pipeline Grid residual visibilities apply cal. using PB kernels) Update wide-field calibration parameters Primary beam parameters 2D ionospheric phase screens Integrate images in time at convergence Send one snapshot of visibilities from the database CUDA Wide-field Array Processing (cuWARP: after Mitchell et al. ′08; Ord et al. ′10)

10. Polarized Point Source/ISM Δθ ~ 15′ FOV = 2400 ° 2 190 MHz / 31 MHz ΔRM = 1 rad m -2 -50 < RM < 50 rad m -2 (Bernardi, LG, et al. 12)

11. Pulsar Calibration LOFAR LBA Data: 30-90 MHz

12. Correlator

14. CPU: 2 x 10GbE inputs Receiving 19.2+ Gb/s Performs: Data capture Data unpacking (10000100 → 10000000,01000000) Pulsar break out FPGA: 16 x ROACH2s 2 x 16-input ADCs (512 inputs total) Performs: PFB (4096 channels) Channel Selection (2400 channels) 10GbE packetisation RFI detection/excision GPU: 2 x GPU Read 38.4+ Gb/s Performs:Cross-correlation Averages defined number of outputs CPU: Additional averaging Writes data to disk Correlator - Final

15. CPU: 2 x 10GbE inputs Receiving 11 Gb/s Performs: Data capture Data unpacking (10000100 → 10000000,01000000) FPGA: 4 x ROACH1 2 x 4-input ADCs (32 inputs total) Performs: PFB (4096 channels) Channel Selection (1628 channels) 10GbE packetisation GPU: 2 x GPU Read 22 Gb/s Performs:Cross-correlation Averages defined number of outputs CPU: Additional averaging Writes data to disk Correlator - Current

16. Correlator Current status: – Two 32-input complete correlator designs have undergone bench testing: 4096 selectable channel F-engine → PSRDADA → Harvard X-engine 2048 channel F-engine → #PIPE → Harvard X-engine – LEDA-64 correlator on ROACH2 under development. https://github.com/GPU-correlators/xGPU

17. Deployment Schedule: RFI testing LEDA-32 prototype (next week) Deployment LEDA-32 Mid-August Deployment LEDA-64 2012 Deployment LEDA-512 2013

18. – END –