1. Chapter 10 - Muslim Civilization Focus: Who was Muhammad and how did his teachings lead to the rise of Islam?

2. Chapter 10- Muslim Civilization
The Rise of Islam
Building a Muslim Empire
Muslim Civilization Golden Age
India’s Muslim Empires
The Ottoman and Safavid Empires

3. 10.1- Rise of Islam
Focus: What messages, or teachings, did Muhammad spread through Islam?

4. 10.1- Rise of Islam Followers of Islam are called Muslim*
Their holy text is the Quran*
Chief Prophet: Muhammad*

5. 10.1- Rise of Islam
Islam begins: Muhammad was born in the oasis town of Mecca.
Mecca:
Was a bustling market*
Pilgrimage center*
No weapons in the city*
Was home to many pagan gods* (statues)

6. Muhammad: (570 AD) 10.1- Rise of Islam led a modest life early on:
He was an honest business man*
Married at 25 (Khadija)*
Devoted father and husband*
Was troubled by the moral ills of society*

7. 10.1- Rise of Islam
According to Islamic belief, when Muhammad was 40 years old he heard the voice of an angel (Gabriel) . Muhammad was uneasy, but became the messenger of god.*

8. 10.1- Rise of Islam Muhammad's Teachings:
Weren’t widely accepted at first
As they gained strength, angered Mecca’s merchants
Neglect of idols would disrupt trade

9. 10.1- Rise of Islam Muhammad’s Journey (Hijra):
Muhammad left Mecca and entered the city of Medina.*
Acceptance grows
Thousands of Arabs adopt Islam
With his followers he returned to Mecca to free the Kaaba, the temple he believed should be dedicated to one true God, of idols.*
Rededicated the Kaaba to Allah (God), making it the most holy place of Islam.*

10. 10.1- Rise of Islam The Quran: Sacred text of Islam*
States people are responsible for their actions
Muslims believe that God (Allah) has sent other prophets: Jesus, Abraham, Moses… but Muhammad is the last and greatest of all.

11. 10.1- Rise of Islam Duties (expectations) of Islam:
Islamic people follow
The Five Pillars of Islam
Lay out the expectations of Muslims*

12. 10.1- Rise of Islam Pillar One: Shahada Declaration of faith*
“There is no god but Allah, Muhammad is the messenger of Allah.”

13. 10.1- Rise of Islam Pillar Two: Salah Daily Prayer*
Pray 5 times a day
Wash
Face Mecca
Some pray in Mosques - house of worship*
But not required

15. 10.1- Rise of Islam Pillar Three: Zakat Alms for the Poor*
Give charity

16. 10.1- Rise of Islam Pillar Four: Ramadan Fasting*
Don’t eat from sun up to sun down
Applies to other parts of life too, not just eating
For the month of Ramadan (varies by year)

17. Pillar Five: 10.1- Rise of Islam Making a Pilgrimage (Hajj)*
Must make the journey at least once
Pray at the Kaaba
Over 2 million people a year

24. 10.1- Rise of Islam Jihad- struggle in God’s service*
To Muslims Islam is both a religion and a way of life
Their laws are based on the teaching of Islam- Sharia*
Islam and the Quran extended rights of women*
*however they must dress modestly
Varies by location

25. 10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire
Focus: How did Muhammad’s successors extend Muslim rule and spread Islam?

26. 10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire
After Muhammad died-
he named no successor:*
Islam needed another strong leader
Abu Bakr - becomes the first: caliph – successor*
Reunites the Muslims
Leads military campaigns to unite other Arabs in Islam

27. 10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire
Conquering area including:
Damascus
Jerusalem
The Persian Empire
Byzantine Egypt
The Muslim Empire rapidly spread

28. 10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire

29. 10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire
Death of Muhammad :
created a split (schism) in the Empire:
Sunni versus Shiite Muslims
disagreed over who should be caliph (successor)
SUNNI- majority of Muslims; believed successors
should be pious males*
SHIITE- believed the caliph must be a direct
descendent of Muhammad*

31. 10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire
Sufis - Muslim Mystic*
Meditation, fasting, rituals

32. 10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire
Muslim Empire grew from
Several Ruling Families (clans)
Umayyad (Spain)
Decline – criticized for lifestyle

33. 10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire
Abbasid – moved capital to Baghdad ( )
Reasons for success:
Weakness of Byzantines and Persians
Aggressive and bold fighting
Strong unity under Islam

34. Muslim Empire- c. 750 SPAIN- Umayyad BAGHDAD- Abbasids MED SEA AFRICA
ARABIA

35. 10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire
As the Empire expanded:
Conquered people were treated fairly
Many conquered joined the Islamic faith
Non-Muslims taxed
Equality
The capital was moved to Baghdad (Damascus)*
“Paradise on Earth”
Beautiful city
Market, Gardens, Domes
Minarets- slender towers*

36. Baghdad
Baghdad

37. 10.2 - The Muslim Empire Falls
Starting in 850 the Muslim Empire began to fade
Independent dynasties – caliph loses power*
Invasions*

38. 10.2 - The Muslim Empire Falls
Seljuk Turks migrated to the Middle East (900s)
Seljuk Turk Rulers (Sultan) - controlled Baghdad (1055)
Conflicts prevent Christians from traveling to Jerusalem
Cause the Crusades (1095) Christians v. Muslims

39. 10.2 - The Muslim Empire Falls
Mongols led by Genghis Khan move into Middle East (1216)
Eventually burn and loot Baghdad

40. 10.2 - The Muslim Empire Falls
The culture still flourished in Spain
Until 1492 (Inquisition)

41. During the Muslim Golden Age:
Muslim Golden Age Focus: What achievements did Muslims make in economics, art, literature, and science?
Muslim Golden Age
a time of prosperity
: 100 years
During the Muslim Golden Age:
Economy Advanced
Social Structure Advanced
Art, Literature, and Architecture Thrive
Muslim Knowledge Expanded

42. Muslim rulers unite many diverse cultures
Arabs
Persians
Egyptians
Africans
Europeans

43. Economy Advanced
Merchants were near the top of society (Muhammad was a merchant)*
Built a massive trade route – camels, silk roads, ships*
Asia
Africa
Europe

44. 10.3 - Economy Advanced Muslim’s pioneered new business practices*
Partnerships*
Credit*
Formed banks*
Checks*

45. 10.3 - Social Structure Improves
Social Mobility – changing of social class*
Improve their position through achievements:
Religious
Scholarly
Military

46. Muslim Empire Included
Greeks
Romans
Persians
Indians

47. Art, Literature, & Architecture
Muslim art displayed many different cultures
Religious - did not portray humans (Quran - no idols)*
Poetry (oral) was used to tell stories

48. Muslim Architecture Mosque and Minarets decorated the skyline
Calligraphy decorated buildings (beautiful handwriting)*

49. 10.4 India’s Muslim Empires Focus: How did Muslim rule affect Indian government and society?

50. 10.4 India’s Muslim Empires
Muslims move into Indian Empire around 1000
By the late 1100’s the Sultan (Muslim Ruler)*:
Defeated Hindu armies and claimed Delhi as his capital

51. 10.4 India’s Muslim Empires
Successors to the empire would rule what was known as the Delhi sultanate (lands of the sultan)
Marked start of Muslim rule in India (1206 – 1526)

52. 10.4 India’s Muslim Empires
Muslim advances lead to a blending of cultures
Persian
Arab
Turks

53. 10.4 India’s Muslim Empires
Muslims and Hindus clash over:
Text : Quran vs. Many texts
God/ Gods: Allah vs. Many gods/goddesses
Equality vs. Caste: Many Hindus converted to Islam to due to:
-*equality (before God) in Islam

54. Text : Quran vs. Many

55. God/ Gods: Allah vs. Many

56. Equality vs. Caste
*Equality was appealing to Hindus

57. 10.4 India’s Muslim Empires
Eventually Delhi sultanate became tolerant of Hindus
Even kept local Rajahs - Hindu rulers in place*
Accepted Hindus as monotheistic (Brahman)

58. 10.4 India’s Muslim Empires
Mughal Empire Rises*
Mughal = Persian for Mongol*
Replace Delhi Sultanate ( )

60. 10.4 India’s Muslim Empires
By 1707 The Mughal Empire had conquered most of the Indian Subcontinent
Led to the rise of Akbar the Great 

61. 10.4 India’s Muslim Empires
Akbar the Great was the chief builder of the Mughal Empire*
Created a strong central government
Tolerant of Hindus (married one)
Promoted Religious harmony

62. 10.4 India’s Muslim Empires
Akbar’s Grandson Shah Jahan was also influential
While ruling the empire his wife Mumtaz Mahal would die:
She gave birth to 14 children and was only 39
He loved her dearly so he built a monument (tomb) in her honor…

63. 10.4 India’s Muslim Empires
The Taj Mahal
Took 22,000 workers & 20 years
Greatest monument of Mughal Empire

64. 10.5 – The Ottoman & Safavid Empires Focus: What were the main characteristics of the Ottoman and Safavid empires?
The Ottomans
Migrated into Asia Minor (Turkey)
Turkish-speaking nomads from Central Asia
Took Constantinople (Istanbul)
1453 becomes Ottoman Capital
Used new war tech
the cannon

65. 10.5 - The Ottoman and Safavid Empires
Suleiman the Magnificent (1520 – 1566)
Great leader of the Ottoman Empire*
Extended Ottoman Empire into Middle East
Known as the lawgiver
Laws based on the Sharia, supplemented by royal edicts
Held absolute power
Used a vizier, huge bureaucracy, and powerful military

66. Ottoman Empire: Hungary to Arabia & Mesopotamia, and across North Africa

67. 10.5 - Ottoman and Safavid Empires
Janizaries – elite forces of the Ottoman army*
Usually born to Christian families but converted to Islam
Ottoman Culture
Organized social classes
Top: “Men of the sword” (soldiers)*
Muslim*
“Men of the pen” (scientists, lawyers, judges, & poets)
Muslim
“Men of negotiation” (merchants, artisans)
Lowest: “Men of husbandry” (farmers & herders: produce food)*

68. 10.5 - Ottoman and Safavid Empires
Decline
Suleiman the Magnificent dies in 1566
1700s - European commerce and new war tech are superior
Russia & other Europeans take over landholdings
North Africa breaks away from Ottoman control

70. 10.5 – The Safavid Empire Ruled in most of Modern day Iran
Between:
Ottomans - West
Mughal India - East
Shah (king) Abbas the Great
Centralized gov’t
Capital is Isfahan
Strengthened the economy
Safavid Empire decline
Death of Shah Abbas
Ottoman armies

71. 10.5 – Safavid Empire