1. 1 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives 1.1Three Key Economic Ideas 1.2The Economic Problem That Every Society Must Solve 1.3Economic Models 1.4Microeconomics and Macroeconomics 1.5A Preview of Important Economic Terms APPENDIX: Using Graphs and Formulas CHAPTER 1 Economics: Foundations and Models

2. 2 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. What Is This Class About? People make choices as they try to attain their goals. Choices are necessary because we live in a world of scarcity. Scarcity: A situation in which unlimited wants exceed the limited resources available to fulfill those wants Economics is the study of these choices. Economists study these choices using economic models, simplified versions of reality used to analyze real-world economic situations.

3. 3 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Typical “Economics” Questions We will learn how to answer questions like these: How are the prices of goods and services determined? How does pollution affect the economy, and how should government policy deal with these effects? Why do firms engage in international trade, and how do government policies affect international trade? Why does government control the prices of some goods and services, and what are the effects of those controls?

4. 4 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics and Macroeconomics Microeconomics is the study of how households and firms make choices, how they interact in markets, and how the government attempts to influence their choices Macroeconomics is the study of the economy as a whole, including topics such as inflation, unemployment, and economic growth.

5. 5 of 28 Microeconomics How do the decisions of individual consumers and producers, through the interaction of consumers, producers, and government in markets, determine the prices and quantities sold of goods and services as well as the material well-being of Society in general (“Social Welfare” or Economic Surplus)? Market An arrangement or institution that brings together buyers and sellers of a good or service.

6. 6 of 28 Why Study Microeconomics? It’s useful for Business Decisions Personal Decisions Political Decisions It pays Economics majors end up making more money on average relative to many other majors

7. 7 of 28 Occupations of Economics Majors 20% Managers & Administrators 16% Sales or sales supervisors 8.5% Financial managers or officers 5% Accountants & Auditors 3% Engineering & Computer Systems 1.3% Teachers 46% Other

8. 2008 Average Starting Salaries MajorSalary Computer Science$56,921 Engineering$56,336 Economics$52,926 Nursing$52,129 Chemistry$52,125 Finance$48,795 Accounting$47,413 Bus. Admin./Management$43,823 Political Science$43,594 Marketing$43,459 Liberal Arts$33,258 Source: MSN Careersmsn.careerbuilder.com 8 of 28

9. 2009 Census Survey: Median Salaries MajorMedian Salary Engineering$75,000 Computer Science$75,000 Business Economics (BBA)$75,000 Highest Bus Major Economics (BA/BS)$70,000 Highest Soc. Sci. Finance$65,000 Accounting$63,000 Nursing$60,000 Political Science$59,000 Chemistry$58,000 Bus. Admin./Management$58,000 Marketing$58,000 Liberal Arts$45,000 Source: Chronicle of Higher Education http://chronicle.com/article/M edian-Earnings-by-Major and/127604 9 of 28

10. 10 of 28 Success of Economics Majors with Higher Degrees Among MBA Degree holders, undergraduate Economics majors realize the same or higher wages than all other undergraduate majors Among Law Degree holders, Economics majors realize the same or higher wages than majors in Criminology, Business (including Finance and Accounting), Social Sciences, and Humanities

11. 11 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Three Economic Ideas 1.People are Rational Rational consumers and firms weigh the benefits and costs of each action and try to make the best decision possible. 2. People respond to Economic Incentives As incentives change, people change their actions. Example: Changes in several factors have led to increased obesity in Americans. Decreases in the price of fast food relative to healthful food Improved non-active entertainment options Increased availability of health care, protecting people against the consequences of their actions 3. Optimal Decisions are made at the Margin Comparing marginal costs (MC) and marginal benefits (MB) is known as marginal analysis. Example: Should you watch an extra hour of TV, or study instead? Economists think about decisions like this in terms of the marginal cost and benefit (MC and MB): the additional cost or benefit associated with a small amount extra of some action.

12. 12 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Making the Connection Health Insurance and Obesity Obesity is rising in America, for various reasons. Is one of those reasons health insurance? People with health insurance have less incentive to stay healthy than people without health insurance. Holding constant other factors like age, gender, and income, research shows people with health insurance are more likely to be obese. They are responding to economic incentives.

13. 13 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. The Economic Problems That Every Society Must Solve What goods and services will be produced? How will the goods and services be produced? Who will receive the goods and services produced?

14. 14 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Types of Economies Centrally planned economies result when governments decide what to produce, how to produce it, and who received the goods and services. Market economies result when the decisions of households and firms determine what is produced, how it is produced, and who receives the goods and services. Market: A group of buyers and sellers of a good or service and the institution or arrangement by which they come together to trade Mixed economies have features of both of the above. Most economic decisions result from the interaction of buyers and sellers, but governments play a significant role in the allocation of resources.

15. 15 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Efficiency of Economies Market economies tend to be more efficient than centrally-planned economies. Market economies promote: Productive efficiency, where goods or services are produced at the lowest possible cost; and Allocative efficiency, where production is consistent with consumer preferences: the marginal benefit of production is equal to its marginal cost These efficiencies come about because all transactions result from voluntary exchange: transactions that make both the buyer and seller better off.

16. 16 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Caveats About Market Economies Markets may not result in fully efficient outcomes. For example: People might not immediately do things in the most efficient way Governments might interfere with market outcomes Market outcomes might ignore the desires of people who are not involved in transactions – ex: pollution Economically efficient outcomes may not be the most desirable. Markets result in high inequality; some people prefer more equity, i.e. fairer distribution of economic benefits.

17. 17 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Economic Models Economists develop economic models to analyze real-world issues. Building an economic model often follows these steps: 1.Decide on the assumptions to use in developing the model. 2.Formulate a testable hypothesis. 3.Use economic data to test the hypothesis. 4.Revise the model if it fails to explain the economic data well. 5.Retain the revised model to help answer similar economic questions in the future.

18. 18 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Important Features of Economic Models Assumptions and simplifications: every model needs them in order to be useful. Testability: good models generate testable predictions, which can be verified or disproven using data. Economic variables: something measurable that can have different values, such as the incomes of doctors.

19. 19 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. The Scientific Nature of Economics Economists try to mimic natural scientists by using the scientific method. But economics is a social science; studying the behavior of people is often tricky. When analyzing human behavior, we can perform: Positive analysis: the study of “what is?”; and/or Normative analysis: the study of “what ought to be?” Economists generally perform positive analysis.

20. 20 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Making the Connection Should Medical School Be Free? Forecasts indicate a significant shortage of doctors, especially primary care physicians, by 2020. High costs of medical school may: Prevent some people from becoming doctors Lead people to pursue lucrative specialties instead of primary care Would more people become primary care physicians if medical school were free? And if so, would it be worth the cost? Economic models can find answers to the positive aspects of this debate.

21. 21 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Terminology in Economics Like all fields of study, economics uses terms or jargon with specific, precise meanings. Sometimes these terms will be used in ways that differ even from closely related disciplines. Examples: Technology: the processes a firm uses for turning inputs into outputs of goods and services Capital: manufactured goods that are used to produce other goods and services

22. 22 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Common Misconceptions to Avoid Believing economics is only about money. Confusing positive and normative analysis. Assuming familiar meanings for economic terms.

23. 23 of 28 Your Questions – Fall 2012 We’re likely to cover: Insourcing/Outsourcing How businesses make money Stocks/stock market Gas Prices & OPEC Why does the U.S. not produce more goods? How business makes corporate-level decisions Taxes and prices Monopolies International Trade Positive government policies Oligopoly Not likely to cover: Why is the U.S. so deep in debt? Recession U. S. Economy How an economic crisis occurs and what can be done about it Inflation/Deflation Dot-com bubble

24. 24 of 28 Student Questions We’re likely to cover: Trade & Developing Countries Stocks/stock market Gas Prices Are Wal-Mart & Target an oligopoly? Why prices change Supply & Demand Competitive markets Lottery scholarships Micro v. Macroeconomics Not likely to cover: 3 rd party payment sys Politicians & the economy Inflation/Deflation Recent recession Total wealth of the planet U.S. budget deficit/cuts Global monetary standard Value of money (€ v. $) GDP changes & jobs S&P rating of U.S. bonds U.S. debt crisis/ceiling Repackaging of loans