1. CPS120: Introduction to Computer Science Lecture 15 Arrays

2. Arrays: A Definition A list of variables accessed using a single identifier May be of any data type Can be single or multi-dimensioned Vector classifications are object-oriented representations of arrays

3. Declaring an Array To declare an array before it is used in the body of your program, you must use a statement like: int scores[10]; This would declare an array of integers, named "scores". In this case, scores can store up to 10 different integer values. The positions of the array are identified by their index positions which run from 0 to 9 (not 1 to 10.) Each one of the 10 variables in scores is called an element

4. Initializing an Array If you wish to initialize each element of an array to a specific value, you can use the statement, int scores[] = {65, 76, 45, 83, 99}; You don't even have to specify a size of the array in this case since the initialization statement would cause the compiler to declare an array of size 5 since there are five values in the set of curly braces

5. Using Arrays When you visualize an array or represent it on paper, you might think of it like this: int scores[5] = {65, 76, 45, 83, 99}; scores index position01234 element's value6576458399

6. Pitfalls of Using Arrays Be careful not to attempt to access an index position that is not actually part of an array. You may not experience a syntax or run-time error. Rather, you may accidentally overwrite another variable int scores[5]; // scores has 5 elements which have index positions 0 through 4 scores[5] = 99; // this assignment statement causes an error

7. Loops and Arrays Use loops in conjunction with arrays to allow the user to input data into an array Use loops with arrays to display data stored in an array

8. Relationship Between Pointers &Arrays 139996 139997140003state_code … 140003M 140004I 140005\0 140006 140007

9. C++ and Strings C++ numbers the individual characters in a string beginning with index position 0. After the declaration statement, string stateName = "Michigan"; 'M' is considered to be in the index position 0, the first 'i' in the index position 1, the 'c' in the index position 2, and so on. Note that index positions may contain a blank space, which is, of course, a valid character. A blank space has an ASCII value of 32.

10. Using Arrays Elements must be accessed individually to change their values They are accessed via their subscripts which run from zero to 1 less than the number of elements declared Remember, you can define an element outside of your array and create an unpredictable situation

11. Changing Values in an Array You may use subscript notation to change the value of one specific character within a string. The assignment statement, stateName[1] = 'I'; would change the lowercase e originally found in index position 1 of the example above to an uppercase I. So the string is now "MIchigan".

12. Templates Allow you to create classes and functions that can be used with any data type An array class can be created that will allow the programmer to choose the data type used to tore the data in the array Templates allow a programmer to construct a class that can be utilized by any data type

13. Parallel Arrays Sometimes, two one-dimensional arrays are used together to tie two sets of data together For example, you can store 5 student ID numbers in a one-dimensional array of integers, while storing the grades of the same 5 students in an array of doubles. As long as the student grades are sorted in the same representative order as the student ID numbers, one can use the two arrays as parallel arrays. This allows the same index position to refer to a given student's ID number and his/her grade by accessing the appropriate elements of the two arrays

14. Multi-dimensional Arrays Arrays of more than one dimension can be used to arrange more complicated sets of data Two-dimensional arrays are used quite often For example, a spreadsheet can be thought of as 2- dimensional array (sometimes called a tabl.) The same variable name (that is, identifier) is used to access each element of the 2-dimensional array but the proper index position subscripts must be used

15. Declaring a Multi-dimensional Array To declare an array of integers called studentGrades to be a 2-dimensional array with 3 rows and 4 columns, you would use the statement: int studentGrades[3] [4]; where the first integer value is used to specify the number of rows in the array and the second value specifies the number of columns Think of remote control

16. Initializing a Multi-dimensional Array You can initialize the 2-dimensional array when you declare it by using commas and braces appropriately int studentGrades[3] [4] = { { 1, 2, 3, 4}, { 5, 6, 7, 8}, { 9, 10, 11, 12} }; Be careful though when assigning values to a specific position within a 2-dimensional array. Just like one-dimensional arrays, the subscript positions with regard to the rows and the columns begin at 0, not In the example above the value of the variable studentGrades[0] [2] is 3

17. Displaying a Multi-dimensional Arrray A two dimensional array can be obtained as input and displayed as a table or matrix using double nested loops The use of '\t' causes the elements to be neatly separated by tabs. The cout << endl; statement separates the rows