1. Chapter 29 Section 3 Study Guide War Affects the World

2. Stalemate develops ► 19th century tactics, 20th century weapons ► German attack stalls on Sept 3, 1914  Battle of the Marne ► French attack into Germany also stalls ► Troops dig in  Leaders begin to realize: this won’t be a short war

4. The Allies vs. the Central Powers ► The Central Powers  Strengths: ► Manpower ► "interior lines"  Railroads ► Industrialized  Weaknesses ► Fighting in two directions ► Blockaded ► The Allies  Strengths ► Seapower  To blockade Germany ► Industrial power ► Manpower  Weaknesses ► Russians ill-equipped ► Need time to build up ► RESULT:  Neither side could achieve a quick victory

5. A truly global conflict ► Ottoman Empire & Bulgaria join the Central Powers ► Japan joins the Allies  Hoping to get Pacific islands from Germany ► Italy & U.S. neutral ► Middle Eastern theater ► Gallipoli Plan  Winston Churchill, First Lord of the Admiralty ► Get supplies to Russia ► Increase pressure on Eastern Front ► Maybe get decisive breakthrough on Western Front  End the war  Costly failure

6. Phases of World War I ► Slaughter  major battles lasted weeks, months long  What was the point? ► Trying to break through the trench lines  Punch a hole  Hold it open  Send in the cavalry  Cut the supply lines  Force surrender ► Assassination sparks conflict (NIMA) ► Stalemate in East & West ► "Total War"  Draft, women workers  Battles lasting weeks  Mass production  Rationing  censorship

7. The typical World War I battle on the Western Front ► Make a plan  Artillery bombardment ► Suppress the defenders  Infantry assault ► Going "over the top" ► Punch a hole in the German lines & hold it open for the horse cavalry  Cavalry assault ► Exploit the breach ► Cut enemy supply lines ► Searching for a decisive result  Make a plan ► See it fail  Analyze failure ► Revise & improve plan  Try again ► BOTTOM LINE: ► Huge attacks that would gain little or no ground and cost thousands of casualties

8. Meanwhile in the U.S. ► Neutral but sympathetic to Allies ► Lusitania, 1915  1,198 dead  128 Americans ► Germans suffering from blockade ► Allies getting American & Canadian supplies ► German gamble:  Unrestricted submarine warfare  Strangle Allies BEFORE the U.S. could decisively enter the war  Zimmerman Telegram

9. Summing Up ► Allies & Central Powers exhausting each other in a war of attrition  Attrition: grinding each other down  Instead of a war of maneuver ► Russian Imperial Gov't teetering ► Mutinies in French Army