1. Lecture Objectives Review Define Residual and Relaxation SIMPLE CFD Algorithm SIMPLE Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure-Linked Equations

2. Review Conservation equations Turbulent flow and turbulence modeling RANS Equation Discretization System of equation and solution methods –Accuracy –Numerical stability of solution procedure (new) Solution algorithm (new today)

3. Residual Example: x-exp(1/x)-2=0 Find x using iteration Explicit form 1: x=exp(1/x)+2 Explicit form 2: x=1/(ln(x)-ln(2)) Solution process: Guess x 0 Iteration : x 1 =exp(1/x 0 )+2, R 1 =x 1 -x 0 X 2 =exp(1/x 1 )+2, R 2 =x 2 -x 1 …….. ……. Not all iteration process converge! See the example for the same equation

4. Convergence example Explicit form 2: x=1/(ln(x)-ln(2)

5. Residual calculation for CFD Residual for the cell R  ijk =  k ijk -  k-1 ijk Total residual for the simulation domain R  total =  R  ijk | Scaled (normalized) residual R  =  R  ijk |/F  iteration cell position Variable: p,V,T,… For all cells Flux of variable  used for normalization Vary for different CFD software

6. Relaxation Relaxation with iterative solvers: When the equations are nonlinear it can happen that you get divergency in iterative procedure for solving considered time step Under-Relaxation is often required when you have nonlinear equations! iteration convergence variable divergence solution Solution is Under-Relaxation: Y*=f·Y(n)+(1-f)·Y(n-1) Y – considered parameter, n –iteration, f – relaxation factor For our example Y* in iteration 101 =f·Y(100)+(1-f) ·Y(99) f = [0-1] – under-relaxation -stabilize the iteration f = [1-2] – over-relaxation - speed-up the convergence Value which is should be used for the next iteration

7. Example of relaxation (example from homework 3 assignment) Example: Advection diffusion equation, 1-D, steady-state, 4 nodes 1 2 3 4 1) Explicit format: 2) Guess initial values: 3) Substitute and calculate: 4) …………………………. Substitute and calculate:

8. Navier Stokes Equations In order to use linear equation solver we need to solve two problems: 1)find velocities that constitute in advection coefficients 2) link pressure field with continuity equation This velocities that constitute advection coefficients: F=  V Pressure is in momentum equations which already has one unknown Continuity equation Momentum x Momentum y Momentum z

9. Pressure and velocities in NS equations How to find velocities that constitute in advection coefficients? For the first step use Initial guess And for next iterative steps use the values from previous iteration

10. Pressure and velocities in NS equations How to link pressure field with continuity equation? SIMPLE ( Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure-Linked Equations ) algorithm The momentum equations can be solved only when the pressure field is given or is somehow estimated. Use * for estimated pressure and the corresponding velocities P E W xx xx xx Ae Aw Aw=Ae=A side We have two additional equations for y and x directions

11. SIMPLE algorithm Guess pressure field: P* W, P* P, P* E, P* N, P* S, P* H, P* L 1) For this pressure field solve system of equations: Solution is: x: y: z: ……………….. P = P* + P’ 2) The pressure and velocity correction P’ – pressure correction V = V* + f(P’) For all nodes E,W,N,S,… V’ – velocity correction Substitute P=P* + P’ into momentum equations (simplify equation) and obtain 3) Substitute V = V* + f(P’) into continuity equation solve P’ and then V V’=f(P’) V = V* + V’ 4) Solve T, k,  equations

12. SIMPLE algorithm Step1: solve V* from momentum equations Step2: introduce correction P’ and express V = V* + f(P’) Step3: substitute V into continuity equation solve P’ and then V Step4: Solve T, k, e equations Guess p* start end Converged (residual check) yes no p=p*

13. Other methods SIMPLER SIMPLEC variation of SIMPLE PISO COUPLED - use Jacobeans of nonlinear velocity functions to form linear matrix ( and avoid iteration )