1. Classroom Discussion: Learning Through Language “No matter what the subject, the people who read it, write it, and talk it are the ones who learn it best.” -NCTE Position Statement on Learning through Language

2. Unit Organizer: Classroom Discussion

3. Classroom Discussion “Teachers can examine language uses in their classrooms. Who is talking? Who is asking the questions? How many modes of language (talking, listening, writing, reading) are students actively using? What activities and assignments can be introduced to increase the range and extent of student language?” --NCTE Position Statement

4. Discourse Categories Monologic Discourse (teacher-centered) Dialogic Discourse (teacher/students- centered)

5. A SPECTRUM of Discussion Types IRE (Initiation-Response- Evaluation): the teacher INITIATES a question; a student RESPONDS, and the teacher EVALUATES the response. ↓ Conversation among discourse equals.

6. What Contributes to Dialogic (Authentic) Discussions? 1. Authentic Questions 2. Wait Time 3. Uptake 4. Level of Evaluation 5. Cognitive Level 6. Question Source (students)

7. 1. Authentic Questions No known or predetermined answers Multiple “right” answers

8. 2. Wait Time Wait-time is the amount of time that elapses between an instructor-initiated question and the next verbal behavior (e.g., a student response or question, the instructor talks again). Allow at least five seconds after posing a question

9. 2. Wait Time Most instructors allow students less than one second of wait- time. When wait-time is increased to three to five seconds, the following changes have been found to occur. Some of these changes are fairly immediate, while others occur over time.

10. 2. Wait Time When wait-time is increased to three to five seconds, the following changes occur. Some changes are immediate; others occur over time. The number of student responses increases. The incidence of non-response decreases. Students offer more evidence, more speculative thoughts, and give more complex answers. Student confidence increases (i.e., the number of "Is this right?" intonations decreases). Student-to-student interactions increase as do conversational sequences (i.e., sequences of three or more related interchanges increase in number).

11. 3. Uptake The teacher uses a student response to develop the conversation. “What makes you say that?” “Can you develop that idea?” “How does that connect to what Roger said earlier?” “What else do we know about that?”

12. 4. Level of Evaluation Qualitative evaluations (“Good”) + brief elaboration on student comment acts as validation.

13. 5. Cognitive Level of Questions Recitation  speculation  analysis (Moffett’s Levels of Abstraction or Bloom’s Taxonomy) A cognitive level is SITUATED Teacher’s intent Knowledge of the person answering Source of information required by question

14. Provide Students with Language They Need Stem Starters I wonder… I agree, but… What if…??? I think that… I like the part where… I was confused by… This reminds me of…

15. Monitoring Authentic Discussions From K. Andrasick. Opening Texts: Using Writing to Teach Literature. Heinemann, 1990.