1. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 1 WORLD WAR I Section 1: The Road to War Section 2: Wilson and Neutrality Section 3: Americans Prepare for War Section 4: Americans “Over there” Section 5: Establishing Peace Chapter 11

2. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present Section 1: The Road to War Section 2:Wilson and Neutrality Section 3:Americans Prepare for War Section 4:Americans “Over There” Section 5:Establishing Peace CHAPTER 11 World War I

3. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present SECTION 1 The Road to War Question: Where did early fighting in the war occur?

4. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present SECTION 1 The Road to War GERMANY RUSSIA ROMANIA OTTOMAN EMPIRE FRANCE SWITZERLAND ITALY AUSTRIA- HUNGARY GREECE SERBIA BULGARIA BLACK SEA NORTH SEA BALTIC SEA

5. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present SECTION 2 Wilson and Neutrality Question: In what ways did trench warfare and new weapons affect the fighting in World War I?

6. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present SECTION 3 Americans Prepare for War Question: How did the U.S. government prepare its citizens and the military for war?

7. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present SECTION 3 Americans Prepare for War PREPARING FOR WAR Citizens Military Committee on Public Information, propaganda and publicity Selective Service Act and training camps

8. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present SECTION 4 Americans “Over There” Question: How did the Bolshevik Revolution and the U.S. entry affect the war?

9. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present SECTION 4 Americans “Over There” Cause Effect Bolshevik Revolution  The Bolshevik Revolution resulted in Russia’s leaving the war.  This event temporarily weakened the Allies.  Germany took the opportunity to launch a series of successful attacks on the western front. U.S. Entry into War  American forces help the French push Germany away from Paris.  The Allies squash the Germans in the Second Battle of the Marne.  The Allies launch a successful counterattack, pushing past enemy lines.

10. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present Establishing Peace Question: What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles? SECTION 5

11. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present Establishing Peace SECTION 5 Treaty of Versailles  partial incorporation of the right of self-determination  formation of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia  restoration of Poland  creation of the League of Nations  oversight of the Central Powers’ former colonies

12. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present Chapter Wrap-Up CHAPTER 11 1.How did the United States attempt to increase support for World War I at home? 2.How did the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand start a world war? 3.Explain how the airplane and the machine gun changed fighting in World War I. 1.How did the United States attempt to increase support for World War I at home? 2.How did the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand start a world war? 3.Explain how the airplane and the machine gun changed fighting in World War I.

13. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 13 OBJECTIVES What were the main causes of World War I? What were the main causes of World War I? How did most of Europe become involved in the war? How did most of Europe become involved in the war? Where was the early fighting in the war and what were the results? Where was the early fighting in the war and what were the results? Section 1: The Road to War

14. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 14 Main Causes of World War I - ANIMAL Alliances – secret relations with other countries Alliances – secret relations with other countries Nationalism – the feeling that a specific nation, language, or culture is superior to all others Nationalism – the feeling that a specific nation, language, or culture is superior to all others Imperialism – nations compete to gain territories and build overseas empires Imperialism – nations compete to gain territories and build overseas empires Militarism – a policy of aggressive military preparedness Militarism – a policy of aggressive military preparedness Anarchy – lack of governments in Southeastern Europe Anarchy – lack of governments in Southeastern Europe Leadership – lack of international leadership Leadership – lack of international leadership Section 1: The Road to War

15. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present Central Powers vs. Allies Central Powers Hungary Hungary Turkey Turkey Bulgaria Bulgaria Austria Austria Germany Germany 15 Allies Britain Britain Russia Russia France France United States United States Japan Japan Italy Italy

16. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand June 28, 1914 June 28, 1914 Did the assassination really cause the outbreak of war? 16

17. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 17 Europe Becomes Involved in the War Russia’s mobilization led other countries to fulfill their own alliance obligations. Russia’s mobilization led other countries to fulfill their own alliance obligations. In support of Austria-Hungary, Germany declared war on Russia on August 1, l914 and on France on August 3, 1914. In support of Austria-Hungary, Germany declared war on Russia on August 1, l914 and on France on August 3, 1914. Germany invaded Belgium on August 3, 1914 leading Britain into the war against Germany and Austria-Hungary. Germany invaded Belgium on August 3, 1914 leading Britain into the war against Germany and Austria-Hungary. Eventually 30 nations would fight in WWI. Eventually 30 nations would fight in WWI. Section 1: The Road to War

18. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 18 Early Fighting and Results of the War On the western front, most fighting took place along a battle line that extended from Switzerland to the North Sea. On the western front, most fighting took place along a battle line that extended from Switzerland to the North Sea. The Russians attacked the Central Powers on the eastern front, which extended from the Black Sea to the Baltic Sea. The Russians attacked the Central Powers on the eastern front, which extended from the Black Sea to the Baltic Sea. The result was that both the Central Powers and the Allied Powers realized that the war would not be a short one. The result was that both the Central Powers and the Allied Powers realized that the war would not be a short one. Section 1: The Road to War

19. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 19 OBJECTIVES What was trench warfare like? What was trench warfare like? How did new weapons affect the fighting in World War I? How did new weapons affect the fighting in World War I? How did the United States try to remain neutral in the war, and what events forced the United States to enter the war? How did the United States try to remain neutral in the war, and what events forced the United States to enter the war? Section 2: Wilson and Neutrality

20. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 20 Characteristics of Trench Warfare Trench Warfare – the strategy of defending a position by fighting from the protection of deep ditches Ranged from simple holes to complex networks that were six to eight feet deep with rooms for sleeping and eating Ranged from simple holes to complex networks that were six to eight feet deep with rooms for sleeping and eating Cold, wet, and dirty Cold, wet, and dirty Health problems and disease Health problems and disease Section 2: Wilson and Neutrality

21. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 21 New Technology New technology made the war even more dangerous. New technology made the war even more dangerous. Machine and other types of big guns launched deadly artillery shells and poison gas. Machine and other types of big guns launched deadly artillery shells and poison gas. Tanks were used to support infantry attacks and were difficult to destroy. Tanks were used to support infantry attacks and were difficult to destroy. Airplanes were used to gather information, shoot down enemy planes and fire on trenches. Airplanes were used to gather information, shoot down enemy planes and fire on trenches. Section 2: Wilson and Neutrality

22. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present SECTION 2 Wilson and Neutrality wet, cold, dirty, unhealthy, and dangerous destroyed soldiers’ lungs, killing them slowly; caused them to wear gas masks sent soldiers into trenches, contributed to stalemate caused heavy losses to Allied shipping Trench Warfare Machine Guns Poison Gas U-BoatsTanks slow, but very tough and could cause heavy damage

23. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 23 Neutrality and War President Woodrow Wilson’s declaration of neutrality reflected the nation’s policy of isolationism. President Woodrow Wilson’s declaration of neutrality reflected the nation’s policy of isolationism. Most Americans viewed the war as a European conflict. Most Americans viewed the war as a European conflict. U.S. neutrality did not prevent Americans from trading with the warring European nations. U.S. neutrality did not prevent Americans from trading with the warring European nations. The sinking of the Lusitania infuriated the American public. The sinking of the Lusitania infuriated the American public. Section 2: Wilson and Neutrality (continued)

24. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 24 Neutrality and War The German violation of the Sussex Pledge on February 1, 1917, led to America breaking diplomatic relations with Germany. The German violation of the Sussex Pledge on February 1, 1917, led to America breaking diplomatic relations with Germany. The Zimmerman Note led to an American war declaration on Germany on April 6, 1917. The Zimmerman Note led to an American war declaration on Germany on April 6, 1917. Section 2: Wilson and Neutrality Zimmerman Note – telegram sent by Germany’s foreign minister to Mexico during World War I proposing an alliance between the two countries

25. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 25 OBJECTIVES How did the U.S. government prepare the military for war? How did the U.S. government prepare the military for war? What contributions did women and African Americans make to the war effort? What contributions did women and African Americans make to the war effort? How did the war affect industry and labor? How did the war affect industry and labor? Section 3: Americans Prepare for War

26. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 26 Government Prepares for War May 18, 1917, Congress passed the Selective Service Act. May 18, 1917, Congress passed the Selective Service Act. Army built training camps to train soldiers for the war. Army built training camps to train soldiers for the war. Selective Service Act – required all men between the ages of 21-30 to register to be drafted into the armed forces Section 3: Americans Prepare for War

27. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 27 Contributions of Women and African Americans Some 25,000 female volunteers served as nurses, signalers, typists, interpreters, translating calls and sending battle orders. Some 25,000 female volunteers served as nurses, signalers, typists, interpreters, translating calls and sending battle orders. On the home front women filled important industrial jobs in factories. On the home front women filled important industrial jobs in factories. Pressure from the NAACP led the military to create some combat units and one officer-training camp for African Americans. Pressure from the NAACP led the military to create some combat units and one officer-training camp for African Americans. Section 3: Americans Prepare for War

28. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 28 OBJECTIVES What were the experiences of U.S. soldiers in World War I? What were the experiences of U.S. soldiers in World War I? How did the final battles of the war progress? How did the final battles of the war progress? Why did Germany finally agree to an armistice? Why did Germany finally agree to an armistice? Section 4: Americans “Over There”

29. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 29 U.S. Soldiers in WWI U.S. troops served as individual units and were known as the American Expeditionary Force. U.S. troops served as individual units and were known as the American Expeditionary Force. Doughboys trained in specially dug trenches and practiced with real shells and rifles and were trained for victory and not stalemate. Doughboys trained in specially dug trenches and practiced with real shells and rifles and were trained for victory and not stalemate. doughboys – nickname for American soldiers in World War I Section 4: Americans “Over There”

30. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 30 The Final Battles In the spring of 1918 Germany launched a series of attack to break the stalemate on the western front. In the spring of 1918 Germany launched a series of attack to break the stalemate on the western front. March 21, 1918 the Germans launched an attack on the Somme River that ended up costing the Germans 250,000 casualties. March 21, 1918 the Germans launched an attack on the Somme River that ended up costing the Germans 250,000 casualties. In other battles, German advances were halted at northwestern France, the Marne, and the town of Chateau-Thierry; the turning point of the war had finally come. In other battles, German advances were halted at northwestern France, the Marne, and the town of Chateau-Thierry; the turning point of the war had finally come. Section 4: Americans “Over There”

31. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 31 Reasons for An Armistice German people and army were weary of war. German people and army were weary of war. Civilians were without food or supplies and deaths from starvation were intense. Civilians were without food or supplies and deaths from starvation were intense. German soldiers rebelled and the Germans did not have enough soldiers to continue fighting. German soldiers rebelled and the Germans did not have enough soldiers to continue fighting. Section 4: Americans “Over There”

32. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 32 OBJECTIVES What were the human and economic costs of the war? What were the human and economic costs of the war? What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles? What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles? How did Americans respond to the Treaty of Versailles? How did Americans respond to the Treaty of Versailles? Section 5: Establishing Peace

33. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 33 Human Cost of the War Allies lost more than 5 million soldiers and 116,000 American troops died. Allies lost more than 5 million soldiers and 116,000 American troops died. Central Powers lost about 3.4 million soldiers. Central Powers lost about 3.4 million soldiers. More than 20 million soldiers on both sides were wounded. More than 20 million soldiers on both sides were wounded. Thousands of civilians were wounded. Thousands of civilians were wounded. Section 5: Establishing Peace

34. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 34 Economic Cost of the War Economies of nations involved in the war were ruined Economies of nations involved in the war were ruined War destroyed the land itself War destroyed the land itself Cost of the war estimated at more the $145 billion for the Allies and $63 billion for the Central Powers Cost of the war estimated at more the $145 billion for the Allies and $63 billion for the Central Powers More than $30 billion in property destroyed and $1 billion on relief More than $30 billion in property destroyed and $1 billion on relief War debts War debts Section 5: Establishing Peace

35. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 35 Terms of the Treaty of Versailles The treaty included some of the Fourteen Points such as self-determination. The treaty included some of the Fourteen Points such as self-determination. People of some nations won the right to decide their own political situation. People of some nations won the right to decide their own political situation. New nations were formed and old ones were restored such as Czechoslovakia and Poland. New nations were formed and old ones were restored such as Czechoslovakia and Poland. Fourteen Points – President Woodrow Wilson’s plan for organizing post-World War I Europe and for avoiding future wars Section 5: Establishing Peace

36. C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 36 America’s Response to the Treaty Congress did not approve of the Treaty of Versailles. Congress did not approve of the Treaty of Versailles. Congress negotiated separate peace treaties with Austria, Germany, and Hungary. Congress negotiated separate peace treaties with Austria, Germany, and Hungary. U.S. never joined the League of Nations. U.S. never joined the League of Nations. Section 5: Establishing Peace