1. HAGUE HAGUE-VISBY AND HAMBURG RULES

2. INTRODUCTION

3. An international sale transaction is in essence a sale of goods

4. What is its special feature?
Seller and buyer in different countries

5. Contract of sale  
Contract of carriage
Banking contracts
Insurance contract 
Dispute resolution

6. INTERNATIONAL CARRIAGE
Road
Rail
Air
Sea
Multimodal

7. CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS
Hague Rules
Hague-Visby Rules
Hamburg Rules

8. HAGUE RULES

9. Liability of the carrier under Common Law
Strict
Insurer
Whether negligent or not

10. Freedom of contract
Contracted out of his liabilities and responsibilities
Only liability was “liability to receive freight”

11. Demand for a law to restrict the freedom of the carrier to contract out of his minimum liabilities in 19th century UK
USA – Harter Act, 1893
Australia, 1904
Canada, 1910
New Zealand, 1914

12. Demand for unification/harmonization
Hague Rules or Brussels Convention of 1924
Hague-Visby Rules, 1968 amending the Hague unit of liability
Brussels Protocol of 1979 amending the Hague-Visby unit of liability
Hamburg Rules, 1978

13. COMPARISON OF HAGUE, HAGUE-VISBY AND HAMBURG RULES

14. SCOPE OF APPLICATION Bills of lading Outward bills of lading
Deck cargo
Live animals

15. CARRIER’S BASIC RESPONSIBILITY
  Hague and Hague-Visby Rules
Sea worthy vessel
Care of cargo subject to a list of 17 exemptions
   Hamburg Rules
General duty of care while goods are in charge of carrier 1

16. CONTRACTUAL AND ACTUAL CARRIER

17. PERIOD OF RESPONSIBILITY
Hague Rules
Tackle-to-tackle liability
Hague-Visby Rules
Hamburg Rules
While the goods are in his charge

18. DELAY IN DELIVERY Hague Rules Implied Hague-Visby Rules Hamburg Rules
Express
Consignee entitled to treat the goods as lost if not delivered within 60 consecutive days

19. LIMITS OF LIABILITY Hague Rules 100 pounds per package
Hague-Visby Rules
10,000 francs Poincare per package or 30 francs per kilogramme of gross weight, whichever is higher
Brussels Protocol, 1979
SDR or 2 SDR
Hamburg Rules
835 SDR or 2.5 SDR

20. INTERPRETATIONAL PROBLEMS
What is a package?
Case law
Ø      Gulf Italia
Ø      S. S. Navigator
Ø      Island Yacht Inc.
Ø      Pacific Bear
Whether container is a package?
Ø      Leather’s Best
Ø      Royal Typewriter
Ø      Tindefjell
Clarification in Hague-Visby and Hamburg Rules – Bill of lading must state that the container contains ‘n’ number of packages

21. NOTICE OF LOSS Hague Rules
Notice at time of removal of goods if loss is apparent and within 3 days if loss is not apparent
       Hague-Visby Rules
Same as Hague Rules
      Hamburg Rules
Notice on next working day if loss is apparent and within 15 consecutive days if loss is not apparent

22. LIMITATION OF ACTION Hague Rules 1 year Hague-Visby Rules
1 year but this period can be extended
        Hamburg Rules
2 years and can be extended by declaration or declarations

23. JURISDICTION

24. ARBITRATION

25. THANK YOU