1. Agenda Basic Unix Commands (Chapters 2 & 3) Miscellaneous Commands: whereis, which, whoami, finger, passwd, cal, date Working with Files: cat, more, less ls, cp, mv, rm, cd, mkdir, rmdir Filename Expansion (*, ?, [] )

2. Textbook Coverage These slides are based on Chapter 3 of “A Practical Guide to Linux” Read pages 41 to 57

3. Miscellaneous Commands whereis which whoami finger passwd date cal

4. whereis / which whereis is a utility that lists all directory paths that contain binary files for a command and directory paths for manuals for a command. For Example: whereis mv which is a utility that lists only one directory path of the command that the shell will run when the user issues the command from the shell prompt. For Example: which cp

5. whoami / finger whoami is a utility that displays the name of the user currently logged onto the server. finger is a utility that displays information regarding another user on the current server. You can edit the.project file to have messages / art displayed when the finger command is used for your account!

6. passwd A user can change their account password by issuing passwd command at shell prompt. The user will be prompted for their current password and then be prompted for new password and confirmation. Options: -f changes the user information that is stored in the /etc/passwd file along with user's password

7. date The date command is used to display the current date and time. Example: date Note: If you have superuser or "root" access, you can change the computer system's date and time.

8. cal The cal command without options displays only the current month. The cal command with year as an argument displays the entire year's calendar. The cal command with arguments month followed by year displays the specific month for specific year. Examples: cal 2002 (displays all months for year 2002) cal 9 1947 (displays only month of September 1947)

9. Working with Files cat, more, less ls, cp, mv, rm, cd, mkdir, rmdir

10. cat The cat command is used to combine the contents of multiple files ( “ catenate ” means to join together). This command can be used to display contents of small files (that will fit on your terminal's display screen). Example: cat hello.c (displays contents of c program "hello.c")

11. more The more command displays a file, one screenful at a time. Example: more large_file Movement keys (within more command):  Move to next screen b Move to previous screen Move to next line /car Search for pattern "car" q Exit to shell

12. less The less command is similar to more command, but "less" command contains more movement and search commands than "more" command. Example less large_file Note: You are not required to learn "less" command for this course, but if you are interested in using this command, you can refer to online manual.

13. ls The ls command is used to display information regarding a file or directory. Example: ls (Displays a compact listing (i.e. filenames only) contained in current directory) Options: -a short display of all files (incl. hidden files) -l detailed display of files (excl. hidden files) -al detailed display of all files -F displays / after directory, * after executable file

14. Making Directories What are Directories? Directories are “storage locations” that are used to store regular files in an efficient manner. You will need to learn how to navigate throughout existing directories to access files. You will also be required in the future to build directories to copy, move and remove directories!

15. Where do we want to build directory? We want to build a directory called tmp that branches-off of your home directory Verify which directory you are located (either look at directory from command prompt or issue the command pwd ) Type mkdir tmp at the Unix prompt, followed by ENTER Always verify that directory has been created (e.g. use ls or ls -ld command, or change to that directory and issue pwd)

16. Removing Directories Removing directories is reverse order of building directories Issue command rmdir directory rmdir cannot remove directories containing files or other subdirectories. rmdir cannot remove directories that are anyone's current directory. Need to step back to at least parent directory to remove an empty directory.

17. Removing Sub-trees To remove a sub-tree (a directory and all of its contents including sub-directories) use rm -r directory (or rm -R directory). The command rm –rf removes both subdirectories and files contained in a directory-path. Caution! Back-up your files before removing. You can use the ftp application to transfer files to another server or your diskette. Refer to next set of notes to learn how to use command-line ftp. Caution! rm -r can erase large numbers of files very quickly. Use with extreme care!

18. cp The cp command is used to copy one or more files between directories, or to make backup copies of files within the same directory. Example: cp /public/ipc144/hw.c /home/msaul/ (copies file "hw.c" from “/public/ipc144" directory to msaul's home directory) Options: -R subdirectories & contents are copied -i prompts user to overwrite existing file

19. mv The mv command is used to move or rename files. Examples: mv hw.c work (moves file "hw.c" from current directory to subdirectory called "work”, assuming directory “work” exists) mv hw.c hello.c (renames file "hw.c" in current directory to "hello.c”) Options: -i prompts user to overwrite existing file

20. Ambiguous File References (Wildcard Searches) You may need to access or process a file, but forget what is the exact spelling (syntax) of the filename. You may also want to run a command that accesses many files that share a similar characteristic (eg all files with extension "txt"). Files that match a pattern (as opposed to being referenced by exact filenames) are called ambiguous file references

21. The * character This wildcard character is used to represent any characters. It is useful when searching for file names sharing common characteristics. For Example : ls file*(list all files beginning with "file") ls - a.* (list all hidden files)

22. The ? character The wildcard character ? will match any single character. ls file? (list all files with only 1 character after "file") ls file?? (list all files with only 2 characters after "file") ls ??45? (list all files containing 5 characters that contain a 4 in 3 rd position and a 5 in the 4 th position)

23. Character Class [ ] Used to match a particular group or "class" of a single character. Similar to using "?" but the user can determine what "?" is allowed or not allowed to represent. Examples: ls file[abc].txt displays filea.txt, fileb.txt, filec.txt ls file[1-9].txt displays a range file1.txt to file9.txt cat file[!abd].doc displays all files matching file?.doc other than filea.doc, fileb.doc or filed.doc

24. Globbing Ambiguous filenames are "expanded" to multiple arguments by the shell (called "globbing"). This can cause strange effects with commands that do not expect a file argument or expect only one file argument. e.g., echo *