1. University-Industry Collaboration for Innovation and Human Resource Development Neşe Yalabık Middle East Technical University Ankara, Turkey

2. OUTLINE Introduction:Why collaborate?
Collaboration Types and Instruments
Necessary Conditions for Collaboration
R&D and Innovation
HEI/Industry Relations in the World
Turkey Initiatives
Issues and Challenges
Conclusions

3. INTRODUCTION: WHY COLLABORATE?
Before 80’s and 90’s, university-industry relations were undesirable, unnatural and even inappropriate,especially among students
It is understood well today that knowledge-intensive economies can only compete with:
Highly qualified,well educated personnel able to continue educating in their lifetime
Innovation systems that are able to transfer the knowledge and creativity into successful products
Both requiring tight collaboration between the Higher Education Institutions (HEI) and Industry.

4. WHY COLLABORATE? Motivations for collaborating for Faculty:
Extra income
Seed money for research
Better teaching through industry experience
Satisfaction of their work is used for economic needs of Country
Motivations for Industry:
More profits, less taxation
Personnel educated towards their needs

5. COLLABORATION TYPES AND INSTRUMENTS
Summer Practices
Coop Programs
Graduate programs
Lifelong Learning
Curriculum Development
Education
Ind. or gov. Supported projects
Endowed chairs
Basic Research
Incubators
Joint Research centers
Technoparks
Applied Research
& Innovation
Measurement Labs
Consultation
Service

6. NECESSARY CONDITIONS FOR COLLABORATION
Research and Teaching Capacities of the HEI
An Industry involved in R&D/staff development
Existence of government initiatives
Government investment on R&D
Tradition, culture and reward systems

7. R&D and INNOVATION
Basic Research: ‘Theoretical and experimental work to acquire new knowledge without any concern of any applications’
Applied Research & Invention: ‘An original conception of a new device, product or process and the transformation of the knowledge gained in basic research to the solution of a specific problem’
Innovation: ‘The exploitation of new ideas and whole process from invention to diffusion’

8. Roles in Innovation HEI Industry
Innovation is the complete process of ideas turning to products.
How are these steps shared among HEI/Industry?
How are they funded?
How are the products licenced?
Are the basic issues..
HEI
Industry
Development
Idea
Technology
Transfer
Diffusion

9. HEI/Industry RELATIONS IN THE WORLD
HEI/Industry Relations may be traced back to mid 19th century
Used to be mostly concentrated in few countries and few regions in the world
Developed countries: More R&D linkages
Developing countries: More education related activities due to:
not enough researchers,
not enough tech base but mostly tech transfer from developed countries,
lacking national initiatives and strategies

10. HEI/Industry RELATIONS IN THE WORLD (cont.)
As a result of Globalization and rise of Knowledge Economy:
Knowledge and technology transfer moved forefront in policy making
New models and approaches were developed in the last 30 years
Spread to all countries and regions
All countries are trying to get national strategies and systems for innovation and R&D (Government initiatives)
An upward trend in developing countries
In a study by UNESCO* (2000), 12 universities from 12 developing countries were examined, showing a significant growth not only in numbers but also in the scope and type of relations.

11. Examples of New Types of Relations
Practice Schools: Bridges the gap between theory and practice. Longer and more into real projects compared to traditional summer practices
e-learning for Continuous Education: Fast developing trend. Facilitates regional development
Interdisciplinary Graduate Programs
Technology innovation centers, incubators and SME developments
National Systems of Innovation: Innovation moves from a single organization like a firm. New models emerge
Economic Development mission by the Universities
Growing number and scope of technoparks and science parks (more than 450 in all over the world now)

12. New Innovation Models
Triple-helix: Knowledge-based economic model. No rigid roles but each may take the role of each other in the innovation process.
Various ways such as top-down, bottom up.
Regional and multinational approaches
“Knowledge spaces”, “innovation spaces” where ideas and experiments are created by joint ventures
Evaluation mechanisms include “networking”
Networks formed not on a regional basis but in knowledge bases

13. TURKEY INITIATIVES Before 90’s… No significant interaction
University Revolving Funds - not effective in R&D since no industry involved in R&D
Technology transfer from developed countries
Limited interaction, mostly in form of education

14. TURKEY INITIATIVES 90’s… 1989: Tax deferment law for R&D expenditures
1990: KOSGEB. Government Initiative. Technology centers in 12 universities
1991: TTGV (Turkish Technology Development Fund) Non-governmental organization, supported by Worldbank;
1998: TIDEB: University-Technology Development Centers
2001: Technology Development Areas law
Today: There are more than 15 technoparks in university campuses

15. TURKEY INITIATIVES
In a report by EU among 7 countries preparing to enter to EU, Turkey is found to be the most prepared country institutionally in UIR.
'Innovation policy in seven candidate countries: the challenges' European Commission, Enterprise DG (2002)
“only Turkey has an institutional structure with a long tradition of policy development in the field of innovation. In addition, there are no government agencies with a direct remit for innovation policy in any of the seven countries except Turkey.”

16. TTGV and TIDEB Activities
Objective: To support firms in R&D activities in product development/improvement to raise the awareness toward R&D, by project financing.
Role of university: Active referees and consultants. More support if the firm is in a Technopark
Member of TAFTIE, a grouping of European organizations involved in similar activities.
Success rate: High, 73% of projects achieved their goals
52% of consultants are from universities
73% SME’s, 53% 0-10 years old
TIDEB: similar but government initiative, donation; supported by TTGV

17. KOSGEB TEKMER: University Incubators
Technology Development Centers: active in 12 public universities
Objective: To support young enterpreneurs and start-up companies with government funds
Provides space, university facilities and seed money for equipment
Budget: Approx. 200M US$
Highly successful operation; ‘graduate’ in 2 years and move to Technopark
Latest trend: Academicians establishing their own firms in TEKMER.

18. ISSUES & CHALLENGES Issues: Academia less supported for basic research
Academic culture of western-based “elite” universities do not match the needs of the country
Academic values threatened
Challenges:
Social implications:
Trust
Professionalism
Awareness
Commitment
New assessment/appraisal criteria in universities

19. CONCLUSIONS
“Knowledge and Technology Transfer” is a forefront issue in policy making activities for economic development and competition
A trend in forming national innovation systems and other means to realize it
HEI, Government and Industry should form much more intervened relations.