1. Res Meth Workshop Dec 04 Disclosure problems with design information for surveys Gillian Raab Kathy Buckner/Iona Waterston Napier University Susan Purdon National Centre for Social Research

2. Res Meth Workshop Dec 04 Background PEAS project Uses real survey data – not textbook examples Illustrates how they can be analysed using –Different methodologies –Their implementations in software packages –Links the analyses with sections on the theory relevant to the design and analysis of surveys

3. Res Meth Workshop Dec 04 Data availability ESRC stipulation –Data used in the exemplars must be available via the ESRC data archive But if this is the ONLY way it is available it it would make site hard to use So they exemplars use extracts, of just a few variables, available on the web

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5. Need to make survey design variables available Cluster (primary sampling unit) identifiers –If the sample is clustered – here it was Indicators of the strata used –Here stratification was by local authority Weights Cluster and stratum identifiers may not be made available via the data archive or may be in restricted files

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7. Clusters are about 10 respondents Strata are local authorities Other cases strata might be (e.g.) large firms in a business survey.

8. Res Meth Workshop Dec 04 Disclosure can happen if We know the location of individual clusters We can identify an individual within a cluster Where a stratum is small and a large proportion of the stratum is sampled We have some means of linking the data on the web back to the full data source

9. Res Meth Workshop Dec 04 Steps to prevent disclosure Change cluster identifiers so they no longer reveal location Change IDs so they cannot link back Add noise to the weights so they do not identify individuals Make the details of how the strata are defined unavailable (not in this exemplar) Maybe more things??

10. Res Meth Workshop Dec 04 What are the principles? Do we need to worry about –Population unique individuals –Sample unique individuals Logically we would expect the former But the latter may also be important If you know you are in the survey? If you know that someone else was in the survey? Principles for individuals and organisations may have to be different

11. Res Meth Workshop Dec 04 Another way round this Surveys come with sets of replicate weights Standard errors for surveys are provided using jacknife or bootstrap methods The user does not need to have access to the individual deign variables This approach has been pioneered by Statistics Canada But a sharp investigator could still work out clusters

12. Res Meth Workshop Dec 04 Relevance to researchers We have been able to get the data we wanted for our exemplars so far But there are some surveys at the ESRC data archive where the cluster identifiers are –Not available at all –Information is there, but it is obscure A consistent policy (perhaps with restrictions) would be helpful