1. Marketing Revision– Unit 4
Objectives: - Review your basic knowledge of marketing - Know Porter’s 5 forces - Understand market segmentation

2. What do you know so far – 4.1 What is marketing? What is a market?
What is market size:
By volume?
By value?
What is market share?
What does market orientated and product orientated mean as a way of describing a business?

3. Porter’s 5 Forces
The most influential analytical model for assessing the nature of competition in an industry is Michael Porter's Five Forces Model, which is described below:

4. Porter’s 5 forces Threat of New Entrants
New entrants to an industry can raise the level of competition, thereby reducing its attractiveness. The threat of new entrants largely depends on the barriers to entry. High entry barriers exist in some industries (e.g. shipbuilding) whereas other industries are very easy to enter (e.g. estate agency, restaurants). Key barriers to entry include
- Economies of scale - Capital / investment requirements - Customer switching costs - Access to industry distribution channels - The likelihood of retaliation from existing industry players.
Threat of Substitutes
The presence of substitute products can lower industry attractiveness and profitability because they limit price levels. The threat of substitute products depends on:
- Buyers' willingness to substitute - The relative price and performance of substitutes - The costs of switching to substitutes
Bargaining Power of Suppliers
Suppliers are the businesses that supply materials & other products into the industry.
The cost of items bought from suppliers (e.g. raw materials, components) can have a significant impact on a company's profitability. If suppliers have high bargaining power over a company, then in theory the company's industry is less attractive. The bargaining power of suppliers will be high when:
- There are many buyers and few dominant suppliers - There are undifferentiated, highly valued products - Suppliers threaten to integrate forward into the industry (e.g. brand manufacturers threatening to set up their own retail outlets) - Buyers do not threaten to integrate backwards into supply - The industry is not a key customer group to the suppliers

5. Porter’s 5 forces Bargaining Power of Buyers
Buyers are the people / organisations who create demand in an industry
The bargaining power of buyers is greater when
- There are few dominant buyers and many sellers in the industry - Products are standardised - Buyers threaten to integrate backward into the industry - Suppliers do not threaten to integrate forward into the buyer's industry - The industry is not a key supplying group for buyers
Intensity of Rivalry
The intensity of rivalry between competitors in an industry will depend on:
- The structure of competition - for example, rivalry is more intense where there are many small or equally sized competitors; rivalry is less when an industry has a clear market leader
- The structure of industry costs - for example, industries with high fixed costs encourage competitors to fill unused capacity by price cutting
- Degree of differentiation - industries where products are commodities (e.g. steel, coal) have greater rivalry; industries where competitors can differentiate their products have less rivalry
- Switching costs - rivalry is reduced where buyers have high switching costs - i.e. there is a significant cost associated with the decision to buy a product from an alternative supplier
- Strategic objectives - when competitors are pursuing aggressive growth strategies, rivalry is more intense. Where competitors are "milking" profits in a mature industry, the degree of rivalry is less
- Exit barriers - when barriers to leaving an industry are high (e.g. the cost of closing down factories) - then competitors tend to exhibit greater rivalry.

7. Market research
Standard level – Know about primary and secondary. Higher level – Know quantitative and qualitative market research methods and features p

8. Why do we need to target our products?
Market segmentation
Why do we need to target our products?
Accurate target market selection is crucial to productive marketing efforts. Products and even companies sometimes fail because marketers do not identify appropriate customer groups at which to aim their efforts.
Organizations that try to be all things to all people rarely satisfy the needs of any customer group very well. Identification and analysis of a target market provide a foundation on which a marketing mix can be developed.

9. NO TARGET MARGET= NO SUCCESS!
Organizations that try to be all things to all people rarely satisfy the needs of any customer group very well. Identification and analysis of a target market provide a foundation on which a marketing mix can be developed.

10. These are the four main ways how to segment a market:
Demographics
Age, gender, income, ethnicity, occupation, religion, race, social class, family size;
Psychographics
Lifestyles, interests, opinions, behaviour, perceptions and attitudes;
Geographics
Zip codes, city, county and state size, terrain, climate, region, urban, suburban, rural; natural resources
Behaviouristic Variables
Volume usage, benefit expectations, brand loyalty.
Choose a product of your choice and explain using these four titles its target customer profile.

11. Homework – Pricing strategies
Higher: Cost-plus pricing Marginal cost pricing Contribution pricing Price leadership Predatory pricing Going-rate pricing Price penetration Price skimming Price discrimination Loss leaders Psychological pricing Promotional pricing
Standard Cost-plus pricing Penetration pricing Skimming pricing

12. Next week Product life cycle Product portfolio analysis Branding
Price elasticity
4Ps in detail (except price which is homework)
Quiz on the unit