1. Actively Combatting Trafficking The Salvation Army Human Trafficking, Modern Slavery and the National Referral Mechanism

2. Actively Combatting Trafficking The Salvation Army’s History The Salvation Army has been tackling the issue of Trafficking specifically since 1885, starting in London.

3. Actively Combatting Trafficking European Convention on Action against Trafficking (ECAT) Appropriate and secure accommodation Psychological and material assistance Access to emergency medical treatment Translation and interpreting services Information and guidance Assistance to take part in criminal proceedings Access to education for children

4. Actively Combatting Trafficking National coordination of victim care Since 1 July 2011, the Salvation Army has been the prime contractor for managing the support for adult victims of trafficking in England and Wales. It now includes Modern Slavery.

5. Actively Combatting Trafficking Contract Service overview Coverage across England and Wales Men and women Accommodation and support Outreach support

6. Actively Combatting Trafficking Service overview Needs-based service Provides support during 45-day reflection and recovery period Complements existing sources of support: - Asylum support - Mainstream services - Voluntary sector support

7. Actively Combatting Trafficking Eligibility To be eligible for the service, an individual must be: Referred into the National Referral Mechanism (NRM) process Granted a positive Reasonable Grounds (RG) decision or Destitute with RG decision pending

8. Actively Combatting Trafficking Eligibility In addition, the individual must have: No other accommodation entitlements or High-level needs that would not be met by accommodation available to them (e.g. support or security needs)

9. Actively Combatting Trafficking Referral line and Process 24/7 referral line Sources of referrals include: –Police, social services, NHS –NGOs –Self-referrals NRM should be offered by First Responder Welfare assessment (I.A.) is carried out to determine client needs and risk issues

10. Actively Combatting Trafficking Impact of trafficking Physical impact Lack of access to medical treatment Physical injury Sexual health Ritual abuse Psychological impact Post-traumatic responses Depression/anxiety Feelings of guilt or shame Suicidal ideation

11. Actively Combatting Trafficking Impact of trafficking Social impact Difficulty relating to others Lack of trust Dependency Isolation Difficulties seeking help

12. Actively Combatting Trafficking Trafficking Indicators Is the victim in possession of identification and travel documents; if not, who has control of the documents? Can the victim freely contact friends or family? Has the victim been harmed or deprived of food, water, sleep, medical care or other life necessities? Does the victim have freedom of movement?

13. Actively Combatting Trafficking Referral process Referral comes into Contract Office. If possible an interview is conducted by phone to facilitate rapid intervention. This enables:- Assessment of eligibility Needs and risk assessment Identification of suitable provider Confirmation of transport arrangements Key worker allocated Ongoing monitoring and communication

14. Actively Combatting Trafficking NRM Process Two-stage process 1)First stage is Reasonable Grounds decision Should be made within five working days Threshold is ‘I suspect but cannot prove’ Outcome can be positive or negative Positive outcome entitles PVoT to 45-day reflection and recovery period

15. Actively Combatting Trafficking 2) Second stage is Conclusive Grounds (CG) decision Should be made after 45 calendar days Threshold is ‘on balance of probabilities’ Outcome can be positive or negative NRM Process (cont’d)

16. Actively Combatting Trafficking NCA Police forces UK Border Force Home Office Immigration and Visas Gangmasters Licensing Authority Local Authorities Health and Social Care Trusts (Northern Ireland) Salvation Army Poppy Project Medaille Trust Kalayaan Barnardos Unseen TARA Project (Scotland) NSPCC (CTAC) BAWSO New Pathways Refugee Council Migrant Help List of First Responders able to conduct NRMs

17. Actively Combatting Trafficking Making appropriate referrals Are the three elements of trafficking present? –Recruitment/harbouring/transit –Coercion/deception –Exploitation/intention to exploit Are there additional indicators of trafficking? Has the client given their informed consent to enter the NRM the process?

18. Actively Combatting Trafficking Trafficking and Modern Slavery - NRM Definition Modern Slavery Covers slavery, servitude and forced compulsory labour and human trafficking Trafficking involves: ACTION (recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt, which can include either domestic or cross-border movement); achieved by

19. Actively Combatting Trafficking Indicators of Slavery, servitude or compulsory labour (NRM definition) There must also have been: MEANS (being held through, either physically or through threat of penalty e.g. use of force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or vulnerability) SERVICE (as a result of the means an individual provides a service for benefit, e.g. begging, sexual service, manual labour, domestic service)

20. Actively Combatting Trafficking Difficulties with disclosure by potential victims when interviewed Evidence-gathering rather than therapeutic context Can bring up uncomfortable or distressing feelings Potential for re-traumatisation Feelings of guilt about surviving or shame that the traumatic event happened to them Betrayal of trust common to trafficking experiences can make it difficult for victims to trust anyone - Need for rapport and trust building by First Responder

21. Actively Combatting Trafficking Moving on Support to disengage and move on safely –Mainstream services –Asylum system –Voluntary return Support can be extended in some cases –Positive CG decision –Ongoing needs related to trafficking

22. Actively Combatting Trafficking Challenges When Organising Transport Short-notice requests Long-distance journeys Difficulty anticipating demands Delays and changes to requests Language barriers Forming attachments Making conversation

23. Actively Combatting Trafficking Trafficking Awareness Salvation Army Website Human Trafficking – The Salvation Army About Human Trafficking Trafficking Awareness Course

24. Actively Combatting Trafficking Year 3 Overview 61% of potential victims we supported were women and 39% were men. 889 were supported in 3 rd year contract- a 62% increase on the 550 supported in Year 2 and a 135% increase on the 378 supported in Year 1. Types of exploitation Sexual – 38.47% Labour – 42.18% Domestic Servitude – 9.11% Not known – 10.24%

25. Actively Combatting Trafficking Referral agency figures Top 5 referring agencies for supported victims in Year 3 of contract: Police – 333 Home Office – 233 NGO – 168 Self-referral – 42 Legal representative - 35 Including all agencies, 889 referrals were made in Year 3- 511 more than in Year 1 of the contract.

26. Actively Combatting Trafficking Referral overview Year 1- 378 referrals Year 2 – 550 referrals Year 3 – 889 referrals

27. Actively Combatting Trafficking The Salvation Army Human Trafficking, Modern Slavery and the National Referral Mechanism