1. Course 1: Room 6DE Computational Photography A.2: Concepts Tumblin

2. Jack Tumblin Northwestern University A2: Core Concepts (30 minutes) Computational Photography

3. Focus, Click, Print: ‘Film-Like Photography’ Angle( ,  ) Position(x,y) 2D Image: ‘Instantaneous’ Intensity Map Light + 3D Scene: Illumination, shape, movement, surface BRDF,… ‘Center of Projection’ (P 3 or P 2 Origin) Ray Bundles

4. Film-Like Photography Thought Experiment: Side-by-side digital camera & film camera. COMPARE:COMPARE: –Digital Camera result. –Digitized (Scanned) Film result. ? Can we See more, Do more, Feel more? ? Has photography really changed yet ? ? Has photography really changed yet ?

5. scene scene display SceneLightIntensities DisplayLightIntensities ‘Pixel values’ (scene intensity? display intensity? (scene intensity? display intensity? perceived intensity? ‘blackness/whiteness’ ?) perceived intensity? ‘blackness/whiteness’ ?) display Digitally Perfected Photography?

6. ‘Film-Like’ Photography Film Camera design assumptions: –‘Instantaneous’ light measurement… –Of focal plane image behind a lens. –Reproduce those amounts of light. Implied: “What we see is  focal-plane intensities.” well, no…we see much more! (seeing is deeply cognitive) “What we see is  focal-plane intensities.” well, no…we see much more! (seeing is deeply cognitive)

7. Our Definitions ‘Film-like’ Photography:‘Film-like’ Photography: –Static ‘instantaneous’ record of the 2D image formed by a lens Display image  sensor image ‘Computational’ Photography:‘Computational’ Photography: –displayed image  sensor image –A more expressive, controllable displayed result, transformed, merged, decoded sensor data

8. What is Photography? Safe answer: A wholly new, expressive medium (ca. 1830s) A wholly new, expressive medium (ca. 1830s) Manipulated display of what we think, feel, want, …Manipulated display of what we think, feel, want, … –Capture a memory, a visual experience in tangible form –‘painting with light’; express the subject’s visual essence –“Exactitude is not the truth.” –Henri Matisse

9. What is Photography? A ‘bucket’ word: a neat container for messy notions (e.g. aviation, music, comprehension)A ‘bucket’ word: a neat container for messy notions (e.g. aviation, music, comprehension) A record of what we see, or would like to see, in tangible form.A record of what we see, or would like to see, in tangible form. Does ‘film’ photography always capture it?Does ‘film’ photography always capture it? No! What do we see? What is missing?What do we see? What is missing? Harold ‘Doc’ Edgerton 1936

10. Display RGB(x,y,t n ) Image I(x,y,λ,t) Light & Optics 3D Scene light sources, BRDFs, shapes, positions, movements, …Eyepoint position, movement, projection, … PHYSICALPERCEIVED What is Photography? Exposure Control, tone map Scene light sources, BRDFs, shapes, positions, movements, …Eyepoint position, movement, projection, … Vision Photo: A Tangible Record Editable, storable as Film or Pixels

11. 3D Scene? light sources, BRDFs, shapes, positions, movements, …Eyepoint? position, movement, projection, …Meaning… VisualStimulus 3D Scene light sources, BRDFs, shapes, positions, movements, …Eyepoint position, movement, projection, … PHYSICAL PERCEIVED or UNDERSTOOD Ultimate Photographic Goals Vision Sensor(s) Computing Light & Optics Photo: A Tangible Record

12. Millions of delicate, fascinating treasures: –< 1% of Smithsonian collection ever exhibited –sparse $, displays; conservation limits access A Driving Problem: Museum Artifacts

13. Current Archives: Not rich enough Fixed, static viewpointFixed, static viewpoint Fixed, static lightingFixed, static lighting Custom light: impracticalCustom light: impractical Conflates shapes, materials, shadows, texture, highlights, …Conflates shapes, materials, shadows, texture, highlights, … Can you understand this shape?

14. Current Archives: Not rich enough Fixed, static viewpointFixed, static viewpoint Fixed, static lightingFixed, static lighting Custom light: impracticalCustom light: impractical Conflates shapes, materials, shadows, texture, highlights, …Conflates shapes, materials, shadows, texture, highlights, … Can you understand this shape? What ‘digital archive’ What ‘digital archive’ can best match in-hand, can best match in-hand, direct examination ? direct examination ? What is missing? What is missing?

15. Missing: Reliable Visual Boundaries 5 ray sets  explicit geometric occlusion boundaries Ramesh Raskar, MERL, 2004

16. Rollout Photographs © Justin Kerr: Slide idea: Steve Seitz Rollout Photographs © Justin Kerr: Slide idea: Steve Seitz http://research.famsi.org/kerrmaya.html Missing: Occlusion Removal BOTH capture visual appearance; BOTH should be easy to make! BOTH capture visual appearance; BOTH should be easy to make!

17. Missing: Viewpoint Freedom “Multiple-Center-of-Projection Images” Rademacher, P, Bishop, G., SIGGRAPH '98

18. Missing: Interaction… Adjust everything: lighting, pose, viewpoint, focus, FOV,… Winnemoller EG 2005: after Malzbender, SIGG2001

19. Missing: Expressive Time Manipulations What other ways better reveal appearance to human viewers? (Without direct shape measurement? ) Time for space wiggle. Time for space wiggle. Gasparini, 1998. Can you understand this shape better? this shape better?

20. Photographic Signal: Pixels Rays Core ideas are ancient, simple, seem obvious:Core ideas are ancient, simple, seem obvious: –Lighting: ray sources –Optics: ray bending/folding devices –Sensor: measure light –Processing: assess it –Display: reproduce it Ancient Greeks: ‘eye rays’ wipe the world to feel its contents…Ancient Greeks: ‘eye rays’ wipe the world to feel its contents… http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Optics.htm

21. The Photographic Signal Path Claim: Computing can improve every step Light Sources Sensors Data Types, Processing Display Rays OpticsOptics Scene Rays Eyes

22. Review: How many Rays in a 3-D Scene? A 4-D set of infinitesimal members. Imagine: –Convex Enclosure of a 3D scene –Inward-facing ray camera at every surface point –Pick the rays you need for ANY camera outside. 2D surface of cameras, 2D ray set for each camera, 2D surface of cameras, 2D ray set for each camera,  4D set of rays.  4D set of rays. (Levoy et al. SIGG’96) (Gortler et al. ‘96) +

23. 4-D Light Field / Lumigraph Measure all the outgoing light rays.

24. 4-D Illumination Field Same Idea: Measure all the incoming light rays

25. 4D x 4D = 8-D Reflectance Field Ratio: R ij = (outgoing ray i ) / (incoming ray j )

26. [Debevec et al. 2002] [Debevec et al. 2000] [Masselus et al. 2002] [Masselus et al. 2003] [Malzbender et al. 2002] [Matusik et al. 2002] Is a 4-D Light Source Required?

27. Is A 4D Camera Required? e.g. MIT Dynamic Light Field Camera 2002 Multiple dynamic Virtual Viewpoints Efficient Bandwidth usage: ‘send only what you see’ Yang, et al 2002 64 tightly packed commodity CMOS webcams 30 Hz, Scaleable, Real-time: or is it just “more film-like cameras, but now with computers!” ? or is it just “more film-like cameras, but now with computers!” ? Is this the whole answer?

28. Or do Ray Changes Convey Appearance? 5 ray sets  explicit geometric occlusion boundaries Ramesh Raskar, MERL, 2004

29. Or do Ray Changes Convey Appearance? These rays + all these rays give me…These rays + all these rays give me… MANY more useful details I can examine…MANY more useful details I can examine…

30. Mild Viewing & Lighting Changes; Are these Enough? Convicing visual appearance: Is Accurate Depth really necessary? a few good 2-D images may be enough… “Image jets, Level Sets, and Silhouettes“ Lance Williams, talk at Stanford, 1998.

31. ‘The Ideal Photographic Signal’ I CLAIM IT IS: All Rays? Some Rays? Changes in Some Rays All Rays? Some Rays? Changes in Some Rays Photographic ray space is vast and redundant >8 dimensions: 4D view, 4D light, time,, ? Gather only ‘visually significant’ ray changes ? ? What rays should we measure ? ? How should we combine them ? ? How should we display them ?

32. Future Photography Novel Illuminators Novel Cameras Scene : 8D Ray Modulator Generalized Sensors Generalized Processing 4D Ray Sampler Ray Reconstructor General Optics: 4D Ray Benders Recreated 4D Light field Lights Modulators 4D Incident Lighting Viewed 4D Light Field General Optics: 4D Ray Benders Generalized Display Generalized Display Novel Displays

33. Beyond ‘Film-Like’ Photography Call it ‘Computational Photography’: To make ‘meaningful ray changes’ tangible, To make ‘meaningful ray changes’ tangible, Optics can do more…Optics can do more… Sensors can do more…Sensors can do more… Light Sources can do more…Light Sources can do more… Processing can do more…Processing can do more… by applying low-cost storage, computation, and control. by applying low-cost storage, computation, and control.