1. Asteroid Occultation Timing by Amateurs: Scientific Measurements from Teamwork Steve Conard International Occultation Timing Association (IOTA) May 23, 2010

2. Agenda Why Time Asteroid Occultations? The Basics Equipment Software Results Equipment Demonstration

3. Why Time Asteroid Occultations? Measure the size and shape of asteroids and their satellites and accurate positions of the asteroids –Use times of background stars occultation by an asteroid, measured in a number of locations across the path, to construct a silhouette of asteroid in a single rotational angle –Critical requirement is to have multiple sites covering potential path –These events can occur anywhere at anytime Accurate orbits allow mass determinations from measuring perturbations of the orbits Very close double stars and stellar angular diameters resolved in some cases

4. Why Amateurs? Equipment needed can be relatively inexpensive and “small” Most amateurs have “mobile” equipment, and often travel with their equipment Amateurs are scattered throughout the world As currently done, this is a “part-time” activity –Most dedicated observers are only trying <1 event per week, on average Even though we are “amateurs”, our results are published, and professional astronomers request our assistance often

5. History Difficult to predict; 1 st seen in Sweden in 1958 As orbits & astrometric techniques improved, more observed in mid to late 1970’s Predictions considerably more accurate in 1997 with release of Hipparcos space astrometry data Geometry shown in next figure More distant objects (Trojans, Centaurs, TNO’s) harder to predict but more valuable

6. Geometry of an Asteroid Occultation Courtesy of David Dunham

7. The Basics Find Potential OccultationPlan ObservationsPerform ObservationsAnalyze Data, Report Results

8. Finding Potential Occultations Two primary methods employed by IOTA observers at this time –Search for occultations within a geographic area of interest, using freeware “Occult” –Use web-based tool, “Occult Watcher” (OW), which uses “feeds” for the area of the country you are in to look for events within your filter parameters Location, brightness, maximum duration, etc.

9. Occult Asteroid Main Display

10. Occult Asteroid Search Display

11. Occult Asteroid Output Predictions for Pottstown, PA—within 100 km of path

12. Occult Output Example

13. Occult Output Zoomed

14. OW Main Display Predictions for Pottstown, PA—within 100 km of 3-sigma line, mag >12, >20 degrees from horizon, >10 km shadow width

15. Planning Observations Either method for finding potential occultations will give you critical information about the event –Chance of getting a positive from your location Don’t take these numbers too literally! –Combined magnitude and delta magnitude Can you see the target, and can you notice the occultation? –Maximum time Is it long enough to detect with you system? If visual, > 0.5 seconds –Azimuth and elevation for your location Can you see it with your horizon Is to too high for your mount with camera attached? –Distance to moon, phase of moon Are you likely to be lost in lunar scattered light? –Angle sun below horizon Too close to twilight?

16. Planning Observations Location, location, location… –General rule is unless it is a rank 90 or more, you should not be traveling great distances to observe it –My rule is if I’m not going to substantially increase my chances (double?), observe it from home Traveling increases the risk of getting a “no observation” due to hardware issues, power problems, forgotten equipment, location problems A negative observation will often have value, a no observation has none other than being a learning experience!

17. Multiple Observations To maximize the scientific value of the observation, more than one positive measurement is required –A single chord gives only the smallest the asteroid can be in a single dimension –Two well-spaced chords allow an elliptical shape to be fit to the data –Many chords give excellent size and shape information—examples to be shown later Yahoo group, email, OW used to drum up support for individual observations

18. Multiple Observations If you use OW, coordination of multiple observers is simple –Find an event you are interested in observing, and often you’ll already see other observers signed up for it –You can visually see where they are scattered across the path Where they are along the path is generally irrelevant –If you are the first to sign up for an event, often others will follow

19. OW Map Display

20. OW Station Sorts

21. Data Collection Basic Requirements Obtain Universal Coordinated time of occultation’s disappearance/reappearance –Accuracy to ~1 second is minimum for good data quality, better is desirable –Typical event durations are 1 to 15 seconds Asteroid occultations typically involve faint stars –The fainter you can go, the more events you can record –To get a reasonable number of opportunities, you need to be able to detect occultations of 11+ magnitude stars At least two observers in separate location must record the event to obtain a rough diameter –More can give shape information –Observers must know their locations to a few tenths of a kilometer

22. Basic Hardware The minimum hardware would be a telescope and a source of time signals— typically WWV radio shortwave –The observer visually watches the star for several minutes around the predicted time, and records the time of disappearance and reappearance –A voice recorder makes this task easier Record both WWV and your call of “D” and “R” Desirable to calibrate out your reaction delay

23. Video Hardware In order to get data with better time accuracy, recording of a series of images is required –This is typically video, although other options such as a “drift scan” with a cooled CCD are also used For high sensitivity (faintest limiting magnitude), low-light level cameras are used (security cameras) A 0.0001 lux † camera, coupled to an 8” telescope, can record video to magnitude ~12.5 with good transparency † 0.00001 lux is approximately the light from Sirius

24. Simple Video Set-up

25. Advanced Set-up

26. Direct to Laptop Set-up

28. Experimental F:1.2 System

29. Pointing Options Two basic choices, prepoint and track –Prepoint uses recognizable stars at approximately the same declination and (usually) to the West (lower RA) than the target Point to those stars at a time that is approximately the RA offset prior to the predicted occultation Lists of prepoint stars available online –Track uses a system with a clock drive or equivalent Point to target from start

30. Pointing Trade-offs Prepoints are highly reliable assuming you can find the prepoint field at the right time –Uses the world’s most accurate clock drive –Shows you where the target is going to be—won’t be surprised losing in obstructions –Don’t need a powered drive, inexpensive Typically, tracking uses a Go-To mount –Can verify target in advance –Can typically slew to Alt-Az to check for obstructions –If you have a Go-To, I’d recommend you use it!

31. Location Unless you live in an unobstructed area, expect to move around your yard even if you stay at home –Many events are close to the horizon If you travel, try to use a friend/relatives property, or safe and legal public property (schools, parks, etc) –Doing a survey on Google Earth to choose a location is a big help

32. Analysis Process For Video Note that the remainder of this presentation will concentrate on the analysis of video data –Information on data analysis of visual data can be found in the IOTA manual Simple—do a frame by frame analysis of your data –Step thru video to identify “D” (disappearance) and “R” (reappearance), determine time of each frame—typically ~1/30 second error Advanced –Import to PC and use (semi) automated tools for analysis

33. Advanced Analysis Process Transfer AVI to computer Video file preparation Convert file type (VirtualDub) Integrate video (if required, Registax) Data Analysis Analyze video data (LiMovie, Tangra) Statistical analysis (Occular) Report Results

34. Transfer AVI to Computer 2 basic options –“Play” analog video into USB video capture card Capture card typically $40-50 Required software included with card –Transfer directly via Firewire Must have Firewire interface on both sides Cable $10-20 Windows typically has required software included

35. Example Video Data-Arethusa March 09 Gamber, MD

36. Example Video Data-Henrietta February 09 Gamber, MD

37. Convert File Type Typically Firewire transferred video requires conversion from one type of avi to another Simplest way to find out is to try feeding transferred file directly into either the integrating or analysis software, and see if it bombs –If it fails, read into VirtualDub (freeware), and convert to its standard avi output

38. VirtualDub

39. Integrate Video If target is very faint, it may be helpful to integrate the video to make the analysis tools work better Registax (freeware) can perform this task, and save back as a new avi file Note that time resolution is lost when this is done –Only do this if analysis fails (or you can’t find the target in the video)

40. Registax

41. Video Analysis The most widely used software for this step is LiMovie (freeware) –Tracks target and reference stars –Calculates signal for each frame, subtracts background –Somewhat fussy about tracking the target if faint New software, Tangra (freeware), becoming available –Much more automatic –Expected to have much better target tracking Output is time and signal level (csv file)

42. LiMovie

43. LiMovie Graphing

44. Tangra

45. Tangra Graphing

46. Statistical Analysis CSV file is either manually analyzed or run through Occular (freeware) Manual analysis can use plots directly from LiMovie to find point of “D” and “R” –Often done for events with dramatic change in signal level Occular performs analysis to more accurately determine times –More importantly, determines the probability of an event truly being detected for questionable data sets

47. Data Reporting Quick positive/negative reporting on OW, not use for analysis (information only) Standard spreadsheet report form is sent to regional IOTA coordinator –Partially pre-filled version available on coordinator website, or as output of OW As reports come in, the coordinator performs analysis of all chords, post results Quarterly, results are published in the Minor Planet Circular, with credit to observers

48. Report Form

49. Example of Analyzed Data

50. Example of Analyzed Data More Interesting Shape

51. The Good and Bad Positives –Amateur contribution to real science –“Team sport”, gets you out observing more often –Impressive array of freeware available Negatives –Weather will break your heart Not only do you need clear sky, but you need clear sky at a specific time and location! –Moderate cost of hardware to record video

52. Other Uses for Video System Total lunar occultation timing –Double star discovery/measurement Lunar grazing occulations –Lunar profile Lunar meteor impact recording

53. Resources Websites: –http://www.poyntsource.com/New/Global.htmhttp://www.poyntsource.com/New/Global.htm –http://www.lunar-occultations.com/entersite.htmhttp://www.lunar-occultations.com/entersite.htm –http://www.asteroidoccultation.com/ *http://www.asteroidoccultation.com/ –http://www.asteroidoccultation.com/observations/Res ults/http://www.asteroidoccultation.com/observations/Res ults/ –http://iota.jhuapl.eduhttp://iota.jhuapl.edu Book –"Chasing the Shadow: The IOTA Occultation Observer's Manual“ (free download from *)

54. Shameless Promotion Want to avoid having to hear me speak again? Then you’ll want to miss the Cherry Springs Star Party –"Building the New Horizons LORRI Imager: A 20 cm Ritchey-Chretien for Pluto“ –Saturday, June 12, 4:00 PM