1. Populations

2. Estimating Abundance

3. Population Size Estimating population size –Indices –Density

5. Relative Abundance

6. Indices for Relative Abundance An index of abundance is a measure that varies directly with the abundance of the population of interest. Based on: Scats, pellets, pellet groups Point or transect counts (Bird Songs) Tracks Signs Etc.

7. Index of Deer abundance in Nova Scotia Based on counting pellet groups –Pellet Group Index PGI Pellet groups are counted along a 1 km transect that are within 1 m on either side of the transect. Counting takes place in the spring

8. 2 m 1 km long PGI = 7 This index can be turned into a density estimate

9. Deer Density Index can be converted to a density estimate Need to know how long a period the pellet groups have accumulated over Need to know how often deer defecate per day.

10. Birds Point count Line transect count Strip count Variable distance line transect

11. Direct Density Estimates

12. Catch-effort Methods Assumptions: 1 – The population is closed 2 – Probability of each individual being caught in a trap is constant throughout the experiment 3 – All individuals have the same probability of being caught in sample i

13. Catch per unit effort Accumulated catch Number of individuals Leslie plot of catch-effort data

14. Capture-Mark-Recapture Techniques For Closed Populations: Single marking, single recapture – Petersen Method Multiple markings and recaptures – Schnabel Method For Open populations: Multiple capture and recapture - Jolly-Seber method

15. How do we know that a population is decreasing and in need of protection? Long-term monitoring! Increase or decrease ?

17. Survey Data

18. Important concepts Habitat movement (dispersal)‏

19. Habitat habitat – physical condition where species live – defined specifically for individual species. source/sink

20. Movement Movement (Dispersal) is central to population health! - Density - Genetics What factors affect movement?

21. Habitat Reduction and Fragmentation

23. Corridors Connectivity

24. Spatially structured populations

25. High dispersal rate = homogeneous populations, low extinction

26. Spatially structured populations Low dispersal rate = heterogeneous populations, high extinction

27. Metapopulation Dispersal rate intermediate where individual populations go temporarily extinct.

28. Concepts Minimum Viable Population (MVP)‏ Population Viability Analysis (PVA)‏

29. PVA for Spotted Owl