1. Titus Livius 59 BCE – 17 CE

2. Titus Livius (Livy) background Born in Padua, Cisalpine Gaul, became part of Italy by Iulius Caesar in 49 BCE; inhabitants received Roman citizenship; elite already Romanized for longer period Born in Padua, Cisalpine Gaul, became part of Italy by Iulius Caesar in 49 BCE; inhabitants received Roman citizenship; elite already Romanized for longer period Majority of Romans did not consider it ‘really Roman’ but very provincial Majority of Romans did not consider it ‘really Roman’ but very provincial Provincial culture very conservative, closer to earlier Italian culture; Provincial culture very conservative, closer to earlier Italian culture; Very fond of traditional Roman values; did not experience civil wars to same extent as Italy and Rome Very fond of traditional Roman values; did not experience civil wars to same extent as Italy and Rome

3. Titus Livius Have little information about his life Have little information about his life Well educated in Padua, in history, oratory, philosophy Well educated in Padua, in history, oratory, philosophy Began to write before he came to Rome Began to write before he came to Rome Moved to Rome at end of civil war, 29 BCE Moved to Rome at end of civil war, 29 BCE No public career we know of No public career we know of he may have revealed more about himself in his history covering his own time – last 150 years of his history are lost he may have revealed more about himself in his history covering his own time – last 150 years of his history are lost Retired back to Padua where he died Retired back to Padua where he died

4. Livy and Augustus Was the first historian of the Imperial period Was the first historian of the Imperial period Friend of Augustus, but not one of the Augustan writers under patronage of Maecenas Friend of Augustus, but not one of the Augustan writers under patronage of Maecenas Maecenas, client of Augustus and patron of artists, writers, poets. Maecenas, client of Augustus and patron of artists, writers, poets. Maecenas was commissioned by Augustus to find and support poets and writers willing to promote the Augustan ideology; patron of poets like Horace, Virgil Maecenas was commissioned by Augustus to find and support poets and writers willing to promote the Augustan ideology; patron of poets like Horace, Virgil

5. Livy’s work ab urbe condita. From the founding of Rome ab urbe condita. From the founding of Rome An enormous history in 142 books from the legendary foundation of Rome to 9 BCE (c. 800 modern pages); An enormous history in 142 books from the legendary foundation of Rome to 9 BCE (c. 800 modern pages); only 35 books survive; still constitute largest single work in Latin from pre-Christian period only 35 books survive; still constitute largest single work in Latin from pre-Christian period First full-time historian First full-time historian Livy’s history reflects moderate conservative political views and conservative moral view that met approval of Augustus Livy’s history reflects moderate conservative political views and conservative moral view that met approval of Augustus Recitals of his history not well attended Recitals of his history not well attended

6. periochae Brief ancient summaries survived for 140 books; Brief ancient summaries survived for 140 books; Ab urbe condita: book 1 covers 240 years, book 2 120 years; Ab urbe condita: book 1 covers 240 years, book 2 120 years; 22 books, 121-142 on triumph and reign of Augustus, was published at his death in 14 CE 22 books, 121-142 on triumph and reign of Augustus, was published at his death in 14 CE

7. Livy’s sources Early books, no reliable sources Early books, no reliable sources Used previous writers; some archaeological evidence such as monuments and statues around – tries to link some legends to surviving monuments Used previous writers; some archaeological evidence such as monuments and statues around – tries to link some legends to surviving monuments After 390 BCE more sources available After 390 BCE more sources available Relies on many Greek writers and Roman annalists, Relies on many Greek writers and Roman annalists, As more sources available he is able to differentiate and argues in favour of one or the other As more sources available he is able to differentiate and argues in favour of one or the other

8. Livy’s Style Returned to annalistic form Returned to annalistic form Year-by-year structure which at times even divides military campaigns Year-by-year structure which at times even divides military campaigns While entertaining, it avoids the fantastic While entertaining, it avoids the fantastic Early history - traditional legends – selected from several earlier versions. His version of the regal period only ¼ of length of that by Dionysius of Halicarnassus (c. 70 – 7 BCE) Early history - traditional legends – selected from several earlier versions. His version of the regal period only ¼ of length of that by Dionysius of Halicarnassus (c. 70 – 7 BCE)

9. Preface Sets out his purpose Sets out his purpose Nature of book 1 Nature of book 1 Links between past and present Links between past and present