2.  Antigen-antibody interactions Antigen Antibodies producedAntibodies binds antigen

3.  Antigen = Protein of our interest  Antibody= we generate

4.  ELISA  FACS  WESTERN BLOTTING  IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTY

5.  Antibodies bind to antigen in specific manner  Can be used to locate particular cells and proteins  Can be used to identify cellular events – e.g.apoptosis

6.  Immunohistochemistry is the localization of antigens (proteins) in tissue sections  by the use of labeled antibodies as specific reagents  through antigen-antibody interactions  visualized by a marker such as fluorescent dye, enzyme.  IHC takes its name from the roots  " immuno," in reference to antibodies used in the procedure,  and "histo," meaning tissue (compare toimmunocytochemistry).

7.  Visualising an antibody-antigen interaction can be accomplished in a number of ways.  Chromogenic  an antibody is conjugated to an enzyme, such as peroxidase, that can catalyse a colour-producing reaction  fluorescent  Alternatively, the antibody can also be tagged to a fluorophore, such as fluorescein or rhodamine

8.  Cytoplasmic  Nuclear  Cell membrane

9.  disease diagnosis  drug development  and biological research

10.  Direct  Indirect

11.  one step staining method  involves a labeled antibody reacting directly with the antigen in tissue sections.  This technique utilizes only one antibody and the procedure is short and quick.  However, it is insensitive due to little signal amplification and rarely used since the introduction of indirect method. Goat anti-actin labeled with 594

12.  involves an unlabeled primary antibody (first layer) which react with tissue antigen,  and a labeled secondary antibody (second layer) react with primary antibody  This method is more sensitive due to signal amplification  economic Goat anti- actin Donkey anti-goat labeled with 488

14.  Tissue fixation  To ensure the preservation of tissue architecture and cell morphology, prompt and adequate fixation is essential  the most common fixative is formaldehyde (FF)  Embedding  in paraffin  to maintain the natural shape and  architecture of the sample during long-term storage and sectioning for IHC (PE)  Sectioning  Into slices as thin as 4-5 μm  with a microtome  Mounting  onto glass slides that are coated with an adhesive  3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS) or poly-L-lysine  gelatin, egg albumin or Elmer's glue.

15. DeparaffinizationRehydrationAntigen retrievalBlocking Primary antibody incubation Secondary antibody incubation DetectionCounterstaining Mounting & observation

16.  What?  Retrieve your antigen for detection by IHC  Why?  Formaldehyde fixation generates methylene bridges  that crosslink proteins in tissue samples;  these bridges can mask antigen presentation and prevent antibody binding.  How?  to unmask the antibody epitopes, 1. either by heat (heat-induced epitope retrieval; HIER) 2. or enzymatic degradation (proteolytic-induced epitope retrieval; PIER).

17.  What?  Quenching or masking endogenous forms of enzymatic proteins (biotin, peroxidases or phosphatases)  Why?  When using Enzymatic detection  To prevent false positive and high background detection.  How?  Hydrogen peroxide – peroxidases  levamisole - Alkaline phosphatase  Avidin - biotin

18.  What?  Masking sites that are similar to target sites  Why?  antibodies may partially or weakly bind to sites on nonspecific proteins that are similar to target  nonspecific binding causes high background staining that can mask the detection of the target antigen.  How?  Commonly blocking buffers are used  normal serum, non-fat dry milk, BSA or gelatin

20. Before blockAfter block

21.  Postive control  to test a protocol or procedure and make sure it works.  It will be ideal to use the tissue that has the expression of your antigen  If the positive control tissue showed negative staining, the protocol or procedure needs to be checked until a good positive staining is obtained.  Negative control  To test for the specificity of an antibody involved  Exclude the primary antibody – no color should be obtained